Princess Jeguk
| Princess Supreme of Je State 제국대장공주 齊國大長公主 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grand Queen Mother Inmyeong (인명왕태후; 仁明王太后) | |||||||||||||
| Princess of Yuan dynasty | |||||||||||||
| Reign | ?–1274 | ||||||||||||
| Queen consort of Goryeo | |||||||||||||
| Tenure | 1274–1297 | ||||||||||||
| Coronation | 1274 | ||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Princess Gyeongchang | ||||||||||||
| Successor | Princess Gyeguk | ||||||||||||
| Born | Borjigin Qutlugh Kelmysh 28 June 1259 Mongol Empire | ||||||||||||
| Died | 11 June 1297 (aged 38) Hyeonseong Temple, Gaegyeong, Goryeo | ||||||||||||
| Burial | September 1297 Goreung tomb | ||||||||||||
| Spouse | |||||||||||||
| Issue | Chungseon of Goryeo Unborn daughter Unborn son | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| House | Borjigin (by birth) House of Wang (by marriage) | ||||||||||||
| Father | Kublai Khan | ||||||||||||
| Mother | Chabi khatun | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Buddhism | ||||||||||||
| Princess Jeguk | |
| Hangul | 제국대장공주 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | 齊國大長公主 |
| RR | Jeguk daejang gongju |
| MR | Cheguk taejang kongju |
Princess Supreme Jeguk (Korean: 제국대장공주; Hanja: 齊國大長公主; 28 June 1259 – 11 June 1297;[a] lit. 'Princess-Aunt of the State of Je'), also known as Queen Jangmok (장목왕후; 莊穆王后) and Queen Mother Inmyeong (인명태후; 仁明太后) was a Yuan imperial princess as the daughter of Kublai Khan and Chabi khatun. She became the first Goryeo queen consort from Yuan. She was the primary wife of Chungnyeol of Goryeo and the mother of his successor, Chungseon of Goryeo. Her personal name was Borjigin Qutlugh Kelmysh (Chinese: 孛兒只斤 忽都魯 揭里迷失).
She was the great-granddaughter of Genghis Khan and was known as a princess supreme (daejang gongju, 大長公主) as the aunt of the Emperor.[1][2] She was the aunt of Temür Khan, who later succeeded her father as the Yuan emperor. From all of Mongol consorts in Goryeo, just she who was Yuan Emperor's daughter.
Biography
[edit | edit source]Early life
[edit | edit source]Borjigin Qutugh Kelmysh (보르지긴 쿠틀룩 켈미쉬 [홀도로게리미실 or 홀독겁미사], 孛儿支斤 忽都魯揭里迷失) was born on 28 June 1259 in Mongol Empire as the youngest daughter (Imperial Princess) of Kublai Khan and Chabi khatun.[3]
Marriage relation with Goryeo
[edit | edit source]At 15 years old on 11 May 1274, she married the 39-years-old Crown Prince Wang Geo of Goryeo and after he ascended the throne as the new king, she became his Queen Consort[4] and bypassed his firstly-married wife who was the granddaughter of Duke Yangyang due to Goryeo's status as a vassal state of the Mongol Empire following the Mongol Invasions of Korea.
After she came to Goryeo, Qutugh Kelmysh brought her own servants and they continued to practice Mongol customs, Chungnyeol even scolded the priests for not changing their hair in the Yuan style. This made Mongolian customs became more prevalent in Goryeo. As one of Mongolian custom, Qutugh built a Mongolian-style tent called Gung-ryeo (궁려; 穹廬) and held an amulet rite of her ancestors using white sheep's oil.[5]
Palace life
[edit | edit source]On 6 January 1275, Qutugh was honoured as Princess Wonseong (원성공주; 元成公主; lit. the Primary and Constructive Princess) while lived in Wonseong Hall, Gyeongseong Palace (경성궁 원성전; 敬成宮 元成殿).[6] Under Chungnyeol's order, "Eungseon" (응선; 膺善) was established in her honor.[7] It was said that the Princess enjoyed banquets, even after her mother died. Also, if someone was close with her, they would be released quickly even if committed a serious crime. Cho In-gyu, who embezzled the State's wealth and acquitted innocent people, was quickly released from Guiyang since he close to the princess and later rose to the position of Inspector General (Lua error: not enough memory.Lua error: not enough memory.).[8]
She cared for the people and urged Chungnyeol, who frequently hunted, to stop hunting and put effort into the affairs of the country and she was also said to have been very strict and strong, but bright. She was unforgiving towards even close associates who made mistakes. In the following year, exactly on 20 October 1275, she gave birth into their first son, Wang Jang (then known as King Chungseon) in Sapan Palace (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.).[9]
In December, a banquet was held to celebrate the newborn Prince's birth. However, when Chungnyeol ordered that she and his first wife be placed in the same position, she thought that she and his first wife were treated as equals and became very angry with suddenly moved Jeongsin's seat.[10]
In May 1276, she and Chungnyeol visited Heungwang Temple (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.) and while she took the gold pagoda from that Temple into the palace, the decorations for the pagoda were stolen by the servants Holadae (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.) and Samga (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.), who followed her to Goryeo.[11] Qutugh originally intended to dismantle it and use it privately, but when Chungnyeol prevented it, she cried. When they got back to there, Heungwang Temple's members begged her to the return the gold pagoda of the gold tower, but she refused.
In 1277, she gave birth into their daughter, who died not long after that. One year later, she gave birth again into their second son, but the son passed away as well.
Later, Wang Jong married Qutugh Kelmysh and tried to ascend the throne. Upon received this report, Chungnyeol ordered his ministers to studied Gyeongchang and protected Wang Jong. However, in this case, the ministers insisted that the destruction of property should also be directed by the Yuan dynasty, so they decided to follow the confiscated policy. Since she strongly insisted on skipping this procedure and confiscating the property, their property was eventually confiscated under her command. Afterwards, under Yuan dynasty's direction, on 16 September 1277, Gyeongchang was deposed from her position and reduced to commoner status and Wang Jong was exiled to Gueum-do (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.).[12]
On 20 March 1281, Chungnyeol was given Yuan Imperial title Prince Consort [King] of State (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.) since he was one of their Princess's husband. In the next year, as the father-in-law, Kublai Khan gave the best medical officer from Song Dynasty to Chungnyeol, named Yeon Deok-sin (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.) and his medicine was said to made strengthens Chungnyeol's stamina. However, Goryeo astronomer O Yun-bu (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.) said, "This medicine is not good for the king's body and this make prevent the descendants from prospering." After the King took the medicine, the Princess never became pregnant again.[13][14]
Then, on 29 June 1294, Qutugh Kelmysh was given the new title as Princess Anpyeong (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; lit. the Calm and Peaceful PrincessLua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.) by her nephew, Temür Khan.[15] During her lifetime, she was said for tried to devote herself to the national affairs and helped her husband in government.
Later life and death
[edit | edit source]In 1297, she went to Hyanggak, Sugang Palace (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.) and ordered the servants to pick up a peony in full bloom. Then she looked at this peony for a long time and sobbed. After a while, she fell ill and three days later, she and her husband traveled to Hyeonseong Temple (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.), where she died, she was 38 years old.
She was buried in Goreung Tomb (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.) and then received her posthumous names in September.[16] Around 1297, her son, murdered his father's concubine, Lady Si and said that his mother's illness was caused by the speculation of the former King's favor. After exiling, killing or imprisoning several people related to his mother, a beautiful widow (later known as Consort Won), was dedicated to King Chungnyeol and shocked by this, he then abdicated his throne to Chungseon and resigned as King Emeritus.
After Wang Won ascended the throne in 1298, he honored his mother as Queen Mother Inmyeong (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.) along with visited Myoryeon Temple (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.), her original temple.[17] At this time, both of King of Jin (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.) and King Go of Dang (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.) sent their peoples to mourn and honor her. In 1310, Temür Khan honoured his aunt as Imperial Aunt, the Princess Supreme of Je State (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.) and enshrined in Chungnyeol's shrine.[18]
Others
[edit | edit source]Some scholars evaluated that Princess Jeguk was treated completely differently from the previous Goryeo Queen consorts and that she exercised more powerful authority than the King because of her status as a Yuan Dynasty Imperial Princess. In addition, there were evaluation that she wasted her national treasury on her immortality because she believed in Buddhism too much.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.[1][19]
Family
[edit | edit source]- Father: Kublai Khan of Yuan (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; 23 September 1215 – 18 February 1294)
- Grandfather: Tolui Khan of Mongol Empire (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; 1192–1232)
- Grandmother: Sorghaghtani Beki (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; 1191–1252)
- Mother: Chabi Khatun of Yuan (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; 1216 – 20 March 1281)
- Grandfather: Anchin of Khongirad
- Husband: King Chungryeol of Goryeo (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; 3 April 1236 – 30 July 1308)
- Son: King Chungseon of Goryeo (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; 20 October 1275 – 23 June 1325)
- Daughter-in-law: Grand Princess Gyeguk of the Borjigin clan (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; ?–1315)
- Son: Unnamed son (1278–?)
- Daughter: Unnamed daughter (1277–?)
- Son: King Chungseon of Goryeo (Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; 20 October 1275 – 23 June 1325)
In popular culture
[edit | edit source]- Portrayed by Jang Young-nam and Kim Bo-ra in the 2017 MBC TV series The King in Love.
See also
[edit | edit source]Notes
[edit | edit source]- ^ In the Korean calendar (lunisolar), she was born on 28th day of the 6th month of 1259 and died on 21st day of the 5th month of 1297.
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References
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External links
[edit | edit source]- 인명태후 on Doosan Encyclopedia Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1..
- 제국대장공주 on the Encyclopedia of Korean Culture Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1..
- 제국대장공주 on EToday News Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1..