Posongchong Formation

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Posongchong Formation
Stratigraphic range: Pragian
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesPojiao Formation
OverliesMeitan Formation
Location
RegionYunnan
CountryChina

The Posongchong Formation is an early Devonian formation from China. It preserves a wide range of plant and fish fossils, many being only known from this formation.[1]

Paleobiota

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Plants

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Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Plants
Genus Species Higher taxon Notes Images
Adoketophyton A. subverticillatum, A. parvulum,[1] A. pingyipuensis[2] Lycophyta? Formerly placed within Zosterophyllum
File:Adoketophyton reconstruction.jpg
Reconstruction of Adoketophyton
Amplectosporangium A. jiangyouense, A. unilaterale, A. unilaterale forma minor[2] incertae sedis A. unilaterale was formerly placed within Oricilla[1]
Baragwanathia B. sp. Drepanophycales Only known from leafy stems, cannot be placed in a species[1]
File:Baragwanathia NMNH.jpg
B. longifolia fossil
Catenalis C. digitata[1] Tracheophyta incertae sedis Intermediate between algae and vascular plants[3]
Celatheca[4] C. beckii Lyginopteridales? One of the earliest known seed plants[1]
Cervicornus[5] C. wenshanensis Sphenopsida?[1] Sporangia unknown, may be synonymous with Estinnophyton
Demersatheca D. contigua Zosterophylls[6] Only known from fertile axes[1]
Dibracophyton[7] D. acrovatum Barinophytopsida incertae sedis[1] Relatively unusual with dichotomous branching "leaves"
Discalis D. longistipa Zosterophyllales[8] Bears spines on its main axes, somewhat resembles Sawdonia[1]
Distichophytum D. sp. Zosterophyllales Only known from a fragmentary specimen[1]
File:Distichophytum ovatum reconstruction.svg
D. ovatum reconstruction
Estinnophyton[9] E. yunnanense Sphenopsida? Possibly a stem-sphenopsid[1]
Eophyllophyton[10] E. bellum Eophyllophytopsida (Euphyllophytes)[1] Oldest plant with megaphyllous leaves
File:Eophyllophyton NGMC.jpg
Eophyllophyton fossil
Guangnania G. cuneata Zosterophyllopsida?[11] Unclear whether it truly is a zosterophyll, somewhat similar to Yunia[1]
Gumuia[12] G. zyzzata Zosterophyllales One of the most well-known Posongchong plants[1]
Halleophyton[13] H. zhichangense Drepanophycales Another possible species also known from the formation[1]
Hedeia[14] H. sinica Progymnospermopsida? Resembles both seed plants and trimerophytes[1]
Hicklingia cf. Hicklingia sp. Zosterophyllales Resembles the type species of the genus, but bears a few differences from it[1]
Hueberia H. zhichangensis[15] Drepanophycales?[16] Also resembles Leclercqia, however lack of anatomy means its position is unclear.[1]
Huia[17] H. recurvata Rhyniopsida? Likely related to Renalia[1]
Ornicephalum[2] O. sichuanense Zosterophyllopsida Formerly classed within Zosterophyllum
Pauthecophyton P. gracile Trimerophyta[18] Related to Psilophyton[1]
Polythecophyton P. demissum Progymnospermopsida? Likely related to Hedeia and Aneurophytales[1][19]
Psilophyton P. primitivum[14] Trimerophyta One of the most widespread basal vascular plants[1]
File:Psilophyton NMNH.jpg
P. crenulatum fossil
Ramoferis R. amalia Zosterophyllales Closely resembles Zosterophyllum[20][1]
Riccardiothallus R. devonicus Aneuraceae Earliest simple thalloid liverwort known[21]
Stachyophyton[22] S. yunnanense Tracheophyta incertae sedis Divergent from other plants due to its leaf-like branches and other features[1]
File:Stachyophyton-Geological Museum of China.jpg
Stachyophyton fossil
Wenshania W. zhichangensis Zosterophyllales Closely resembles Zosterophyllum[23][1]
Yunia[24] Y. dichotoma, Y. guangnania[1] Zosterophyllopsida? Possibly closer to euphyllophytes than zosterophylls?
File:Yunia dichotoma reconstruccion.jpg
Y. dichotoma reconstruction
Zhenglia Z. radiata Protolepidodendrales?[25] May preserve the earliest lycophyte ligulae[1]
Zosterophyllum Z. australianum, Z. ramosum, Z. minifertillum, Z. tenerum[1] Zosterophyllales Known from numerous other localities
File:Zosterophyllum sp. - MUSE cropped.jpg
Reconstruction of Zosterophyllum sp.

Animals

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Animals
Genus Species Higher taxon Notes Images
Arquatichthys A. porosus Dipnomorpha Only known from scales and skull material[26]
Brevipetalichthys B. gracilis Petalichthyida
Euporosteus E. yunnanensis Actinistia Earliest known anatomically modern coelacanth[27]
Gantarostrataspis[28] G. gengi Gantarostrataspidae (Galeaspida) Bears an unusual sensory system
Gumuaspis[28] G. rostrata Huananaspidae Resembles Laxaspis
Huananaspis[29] H. wudinensis Huananaspidae Also known from the Nagaoling Formation[30]
Lungmenshanaspis L. yunnanensis Huananaspidae (Galeaspida) From a different locality to the "main" Posongchong Formation, yet correlates with it in age[31]
File:Lungmenshanaspis.jpg
Reconstruction of both Lungmenshanaspis species
Macrothyraspis M. longicornis, M. longilanceus Macrothyraspidae (Galeaspida) Bears unusually long cornual and rostral processes[32]
Osteolepiformes indet. Unapplicable Osteolepiformes Cannot be placed within a genus[31]
Paleolophus P. yunnanensis Dipnoi One of the earliest lungfish, shows rapid evolution of various skull characteristics[33]
Qingmenaspis[34] Q. microculus Galeaspida incertae sedis Bears similar unornamented regions to osteostracan "lateral fields"
Qingmenodus Q. yui Onychodontidae The first onychodont to preserve the otoccipital region of the skull[35]
File:Qingmenodus.jpg
Skull material (A-D) and life reconstruction (E)
Rhegmaspis R. xiphoidea Gantarostrataspidae (Galeaspida) Likely quite active as shown by its streamlined head shield[36]
File:Ecological restoration of galeapids.png
Reconstruction of various galeaspids (Rhegmaspis at the top)
Sanqiaspis S. rostrata, S. zhaotongensis Sanqiaspididae (Galeaspida) Species also known from Vietnam[37]
Tungsenia T. paradoxa Tetrapodomorpha Most basal and earliest known tetrapodomorph[38]
File:Tungsenia.jpg
Tungsenia reconstruction
Wenshanaspis W. zhichangensis[39] Zhaotongaspididae (Galeaspida)[40] Differentiated by its cornual processes
Yiminaspis Y. shenme Wuttagoonaspidae Suggests a Chinese origin of the family[41]
File:Yiminaspis shenme 3.jpg
Yiminaspis reconstruction
Zhaotongaspis Z. janvieri Zhaotongaspididae (Galeaspida) Bears the highest quantity of branchial fossae known in agnathans[42]

References

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