Planulozoa

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Planulozoa
Temporal range: 600–0 Ma
Diversity of planulozoans
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Clade: Planulozoa
Wallberg et al., 2004
Phyla

Planulozoa is a clade which includes the Placozoa, Cnidaria (corals and jellyfish) and the Bilateria (all the more complex animals including worms, insects and vertebrates).[2][3] The designation Planulozoa may be considered a synonym to ParaHoxozoa. Within Planulozoa, the Placozoa may be a sister of Cnidaria to the exclusion of Bilateria.[4][5][6][7] The clade excludes basal animals such as the Ctenophora (comb jellies),[8][9][3] and Porifera (sponges).[10][11][12] Although this clade was sometimes used to specify a clade of Cnidaria and Bilateria to the exclusion of Placozoa (against the original intention of its proposal), this is no longer favoured due to recent data (several 2018 studies) indicating a sister group relationship between Cnidaria and Placozoa.[13] However, a 2023 study supports Placozoa as sister to Cnidaria+Bilateria in several analyses.[14]

The phylogenetic tree indicates approximately how many millions of years ago (mya) the lineages split. Here, Planulozoa is shown sans Placozoa.[15][16][17]

Planulozoa are associated with the emergence of the Zoc and ZF-NC gene domains.[18]


Choanozoa
950 mya

References

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