Pholo language
| Pholo | |
|---|---|
| Native to | China |
| Ethnicity | Phula |
Native speakers | 30,000 (2011)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | yip |
| Glottolog | phol1235 |
| ELP | Lua error in Module:Endangered_Languages_Project at line 21: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
Pholo (autonym: pʰo55 lo55) is an unclassified Loloish language of Yunnan, China. Although culturally associated with the Phula languages, Pelkey (2011) does not consider it to be linguistically related to the Phula languages.
Pholo speakers are also referred to as Black Phula and Flowery Phula.[2]
Classification
[edit | edit source]Pelkey (2011:353) specifically excludes Pholo, noting that it does not share the defining features of Southeastern Loloish. However, Lama (2012) classifies Pholo as a Southeastern Loloish language, and considers it to be most closely related to Zokhuo
Distribution
[edit | edit source]Pholo speakers are most densely concentrated in:[2]
- Aji Township, Yanshan County
- eastern Tianxing Township, Qiubei County
Other Pholo speakers are found in:[2]
- eastern Yanshan County
- Pingzhai Township, Qiubei County
- western Guangnan County
- Xinzhai Township, Malipo County
Vocabulary
[edit | edit source]The following Pholo lexical items along with their Proto-Ngwi (Proto-Loloish) reconstructed proto-forms are from Pelkey (2011:390).
| Gloss | Pholo | Proto-Ngwi |
|---|---|---|
| bee | bjɯ³³ | *bya² |
| taro | bjɑ⁵³ | *blum² |
| silver | pʰi³³ | *plu¹ |
| face | pʰjɔ⁵⁵ | *pyu² |
| destroy | pe̠⁴⁵ | *pyakH |
| change | pʰjɑ̠⁴⁵ | *C-plekL |
| pus | ᵐbjɑ³³ | *m-bliŋ¹ |
| full | phɑ̠²¹ | *m-bliŋ³ |
| fly (v.) | bi⁵³ | *b-yam¹ |
| lightning | *b-lyapL | |
| release | pʰjɑ³³ | *pyiŋ² |
| eagle | to³³ | *ʔ-glaŋ² |
| stab | *m-gya² | |
| excrement | tʰæ³³ | *ʔ-kle² |
| load (v.) | ʦɯ⁵⁵ | *ʔ-kun³/² |
Most, but not all, of the Pholo words above do not share the following innovations that define Southeastern Ngwi.[3]
- Proto-Ngwi *ʔ-k and *ʔ-ɡl > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *tɬ (modern reflexes: tɬ, kɬ, k, t, ɬ, etc.)
- Proto-Ngwi *pl/j and *ʔ-kl > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *tɬʰ (modern reflexes: tɬʰ, kɬʰ, kʰ, tʰ, ɬ, etc.)
- Proto-Ngwi *bl/j and *ɡl > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *dɮ (modern reflexes: dɮ, ɡɮ, ɡ, d, etc.)
- Proto-Ngwi *m-pl/j and *m-bl/j > Proto-Southeastern Ngwi *ndɮ (modern reflexes: ndɮ, ŋɡɮ, nd, etc.)
Other Pholo words from Pelkey (2011:301):
- qɑ̠⁴⁵lɑ̠⁴⁵ (neck)
- ᵐbjɑ⁵⁵ʑɛ²¹ (pus)
- phɑ̠²¹ (full)
- χɑ⁵⁵ (long)
- mɑ⁵⁵ (name)
- mɑ̠⁴⁵ (cooked)
More Pholo words are documented in YYFC (1983), part of which are quoted in Lama (2012).
Notes
[edit | edit source]- ^ Pholo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c Pelkey (2011), p. 176.
- ^ Pelkey (2011), p. 365.
References
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- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). (Handwritten Mimeograph).
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
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| Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
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| Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border |
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| East and Southeast Asia |
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| Dubious (possible isolates, Arunachal) |
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| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||