Pashayi languages
(Redirected from Pashai language)
| Pashayi | |
|---|---|
| Pashai | |
| زبان پشهای (Dari) پشه اې ژبه (Pashto) | |
| File:پشهای.svg Pashayi in Nastaliq | |
| Native to | Afghanistan |
| Ethnicity | Pashayi |
Native speakers | (400,000 cited 2000–2011)[1] |
| Arabic script (Nastaliq) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:aee – Northeasternglh – Northwesternpsi – Southeasternpsh – Southwestern |
| Glottolog | pash1270 |
| ELP | Lua error in Module:Endangered_Languages_Project at line 21: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
| Linguasphere | 59-AAA-a |
| File:Map of Languages (in Districts) in Afghanistan.jpg Linguistic map of Afghanistan; Pashayi is spoken in the purple area in the east. | |
| File:Lang Status 80-VU.svg Pashayi is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
_in_Afghanistan.jpg){kind=link}
Pashayi (or Pashai) is a group of Indo-Aryan languages spoken by the Pashayi people in parts of the Kapisa, Laghman, Nangarhar, Nuristan, Kunar, and Kabul (Surobi) provinces in northeastern Afghanistan.[2]
The Pashayi languages had no known written form prior to 2003.[3] There are four mutually unintelligible varieties, with only about a 30% lexical similarity:[1]
- Northeastern: Aret, Chalas (Chilas), Kandak, Korangal, Kurdar dialects
- Northwestern: Alasai, Bolaghain, Gulbahar, Kohnadeh, Laurowan, Najil, Nangarach, Pachagan, Pandau, Parazhghan, Pashagar, Sanjan, Shamakot, Shutul, Uzbin, Wadau dialects
- Southeastern: Damench, Laghmani, Sum, Upper and Lower Darai Nur, Wegali dialects
- Southwestern: Ishpi, Isken, Tagau dialects
A grammar of the language was written as a doctoral dissertation in 2014.[4]
Phonology
[edit | edit source]Consonants
[edit | edit source]| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Palato- alveolar |
Retroflex | Dorsal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ŋ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t̪ | ʈ | k | ||
| voiced | b | d̪ | ɖ | ɡ | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡ʃ | |||||
| voiced | d͡ʒ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ | (ʂ) | x | (h) | |
| voiced | z | ʒ | (ʐ) | ɣ | |||
| lateral | ɬ | ||||||
| Rhotic | tap | ɾ | ɽ | ||||
| trill | r | ||||||
| Approximant | lateral | l | |||||
| central | ʋ ~ w | j | |||||
- [h] is only phonemic in the Amla dialect.
- Sounds [f] and [q] can also occur, but only in loanwords and among Dari speakers.
- [ʂ] is more commonly heard among older speakers, but is lost among younger speakers, and is heard as a postalveolar [ʃ].
- [ʐ] is more commonly heard among older speakers, but is lost among younger speakers, and is heard as a postalveolar [ʒ].
- /ʋ/ is heard before front vowels /i e/. When occurring before or after central or back vowels /a u o/, it is heard as [w].
- According to Masica (1991) some dialects have a /θ/.
Vowels
[edit | edit source]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e eː | o oː | |
| Low | a aː |
- Only mid or low vowels have lengthened equivalents.
- /e/ can be heard as [ɛ] and /a/ can be heard as [ə] or [æ], in certain environments.[4]
Further reading
[edit | edit source]- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)., with supplementary sound recordings.
References
[edit | edit source]- ^ a b Northeastern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Northwestern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Southeastern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Southwestern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b c d Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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