Circles of latitude between the 35th parallel north and the 40th parallel north

Following are circles of latitude between the 35th parallel north and the 40th parallel north:

36th parallel north

Line across the Earth

36°

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36th parallel north (<maplink zoom="1" text="interactive map" class="no-icon">{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "stroke": "#f00" }, "geometry": { "coordinates": [ [ -1800, 36 ], [ 1800, 36 ] ], "type": "LineString" } }</maplink>)

The 36th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 36 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America and the Atlantic Ocean. In the ancient Mediterranean world, its role for navigation and geography was similar to that played by the Equator today.

From 7 April 1991 to 31 December 1996, the parallel defined the limit of the northern no-fly zone in Iraq.

At this latitude the sun is visible for 14 hours, 36 minutes during the summer solstice and 9 hours, 43 minutes during the winter solstice.

United States

In the United States, the 36th parallel north is occasionally used as a rough northern boundary for the Sun Belt, a region spanning most Southern and Southwestern states and comprising most of the nation's warmest climates.

Cities and landmarks close to the parallel include the following: Kettleman City, California; Henderson, Nevada; Hoover Dam; South Rim of the Grand Canyon; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Tulsa, Oklahoma (passing through the southern portion of the city); Nashville, Tennessee (passing through the southern portion of the city); Knoxville, Tennessee; Winston-Salem, North Carolina; High Point, North Carolina; Greensboro, North Carolina; Durham, North Carolina; Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and others. The parallel helped define the North Carolina–Tennessee–Virginia Corners.

The sixth standard parallel south of Mount Diablo Range at 35°48′ north, 13.8344 miles south of the 36th parallel, forms a continuous boundary between the California counties of Monterey, Kings, Tulare, and Inyo on the north and the counties of San Luis Obispo, Kern, and San Bernardino on the south. It is sometimes taken as the boundary between Central California and Southern California.

The parallel 36° north approximately forms the southernmost boundary of the Missouri Bootheel with the State of Arkansas.

The 36th parallel passes through Duke University in several places. Its Campus Drive that connects the campuses crosses the parallel several times. The Duke Gardens has a "36th Parallel Club" although the garden itself is just north of the parallel.

Around the world

Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 36° north passes through:

Coordinates	Country, territory or sea	Notes
	Mediterranean Sea
	Algeria	Passing through Mostaganem
	Tunisia
	Mediterranean Sea	Passing just north of the island of Linosa, Italy Passing between the islands of Comino and Malta, Malta
	Aegean Sea	Passing between the islands of Kythira and Antikythera, Greece Passing just north of Saria Island, Greece
	Greece	Island of Rhodes
	Mediterranean Sea
	Turkey	Hatay Province
	Syria	Passing just north of Raqqa
	Iraq
	Iran
	Turkmenistan
	Afghanistan
	Pakistan	Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Gilgit-Baltistan - claimed by India
	Shaksgam Valley	Area administered by People's Republic of China, claimed by India
	People's Republic of China	Xinjiang Tibet Qinghai Gansu — passing just south of Lanzhou Ningxia Gansu Shaanxi Shanxi Henan Shandong Henan (for about 15 km (9.3 mi)) Shandong — passing just south of Qingdao
	Yellow Sea
	South Korea	South Chungcheong Province - North Jeolla Province Border, Passing just north of Gunsan, Iksan North Jeolla Province-North Chungcheong Province-North Gyeongsang Province Border North Gyeongsang Province - Passing just south of Gumi passing just north of Daegu-Palgong Mountain North Gyeongsang Province- Passing through Pohang
	Sea of Japan
	Japan	Island of Chiburi-shima: — Shimane Prefecture, Passing through the northern of Ageo, Fukui
	Sea of Japan
	Japan	Island of Honshū: — Fukui Prefecture — Gifu Prefecture — Nagano Prefecture — Gunma Prefecture − for about 4 km (2.5 mi) — Saitama Prefecture — Chiba Prefecture − for about 6 km (3.7 mi) — Ibaraki Prefecture
	Pacific Ocean
	United States	California Nevada - Just South Of Las Vegas Arizona New Mexico Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Missouri / Arkansas border (approximate) Tennessee North Carolina (Madison County, for about 14 km (8.7 mi)) Tennessee (Unicoi County, for about 12 km (7.5 mi)) North Carolina
	Atlantic Ocean
	Strait of Gibraltar	Passing 2 m (6.6 ft) south of Punta de Tarifa, Spain - the most southerly point of the European mainland
	Mediterranean Sea

37th parallel north

Line across the Earth

37°

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37th parallel north (<maplink zoom="1" text="interactive map" class="no-icon">{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "stroke": "#f00" }, "geometry": { "coordinates": [ [ -1800, 37 ], [ 1800, 37 ] ], "type": "LineString" } }</maplink>)

The 37th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 37 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Africa, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean.

At this latitude, the Sun is visible for 14 hours, 42 minutes during the summer solstice and 9 hours, 37 minutes during the winter solstice.

The 37th parallel north is roughly the northern limit of the visibility of Canopus, the second-brightest star of the night sky. Along with the 37th parallel south, it is the latitude at which solar irradiance is closest to the planetary average, with higher solar irradiance equatorward and lower poleward.

United States

See also: Baseline (surveying) § United States

File:37th parallel US.svg

The 37th parallel defining borders between states in the United States.

File:37th Parallel Map U.S. Exit Detail.png

Exit Point of the 37th Parallel North from the United States.

In the United States, the parallel defines the southern borders of Utah, Colorado, and Kansas, and the northern borders of Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. It dates to the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 when Congress divided Unorganized Territory into Kansas and Nebraska north of the 37th parallel and a remainder Indian Territory to the south. Before that, the line had been thought to be the boundary between the Cherokee and Osage reservations – the 2.46 miles (3.96 km) discrepancy resulting in the creation of the Cherokee Strip. Congress extended the line west to New Mexico Territory, thus defining which states and territories would constitute The South between the Colorado and Mississippi Rivers, and creating what later became the Oklahoma Panhandle.

The parallel 37° north formed the southern boundary of the historic and extralegal Territory of Jefferson.

U.S. Landmarks located on or in close proximity of the 37th parallel

• Santa Cruz, California – Located on the exact entry point into the U.S. at Bonny Doon Beach.
• Yosemite National Park — Situated in close proximity, just north of the 37th parallel.
• Death Valley – The 37th parallel runs approximately 1,300 ft south of the Little Hebe Crater rim and approximately 1,900 ft south of the larger Ubehebe Crater rim, a crater that's 800 meters (2,600 ft) wide and 235 meters (771 ft) deep.
• Area 51, Nevada — Also known as "Groom Lake".
• Four Corners, the only point where four U.S. states meet.
• Cairo, Illinois – The southernmost city in Illinois.
• Bowling Green, Kentucky
• Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel – A critical maritime and transportation structure.

Around the world

Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastward, the parallel 37° north passes through:

Coordinates	Country, territory or sea	Notes
	Mediterranean Sea
	Algeria
	Mediterranean Sea
	Algeria
	Mediterranean Sea
	Tunisia
	Mediterranean Sea	Gulf of Tunis
	Tunisia	Cap Bon
	Mediterranean Sea	Strait of Sicily, passing just north of the island of Pantelleria, Italy
	Italy	Island of Sicily — Province of Ragusa — Province of Siracusa
	Ionian Sea
	Greece	Peloponnese (Messenia)
	Ionian Sea	Messenian Gulf
	Greece	Peloponnese — Messenia — Laconia
	Aegean Sea	Myrtoan Sea
	Greece	Island of Sifnos
	Aegean Sea
	Greece	Islands of Antiparos and Paros
	Aegean Sea
	Greece	Island of Naxos
	Aegean Sea
	Greece	Island of Levitha
	Aegean Sea
	Greece	Island of Kalymnos
	Aegean Sea
	Turkey
	Aegean Sea
	Turkey	Passing through Adana and Nizip
	Syria
	Iraq
	Turkey	Şemdinli district (for about 7 km (4.3 mi))
	Iraq
	Iran
	Caspian Sea
	Iran
	Turkmenistan
	Afghanistan
	Tajikistan
	Afghanistan
	Tajikistan
	Afghanistan
	Pakistan	Gilgit-Baltistan - claimed by India
	People's Republic of China	Xinjiang - for about 14 km (8.7 mi)
	Pakistan	Gilgit-Baltistan - for about 14 km (8.7 mi), claimed by India
	People's Republic of China	Xinjiang Qinghai Gansu Ningxia Gansu Shaanxi Shanxi Hebei Shandong - Passing through Yantai
	Yellow Sea	Asan Bay
	South Korea	South Chungcheong Province Gyeonggi Province - passing through Pyeongtaek, Anseong North Chungcheong Province - passing just north of Chungju North Gyeongsang Province
	Sea of Japan
	Japan	Island of Honshū: — Ishikawa Prefecture
	Sea of Japan	Toyama Bay
	Japan	Island of Honshū: — Niigata Prefecture — Nagano Prefecture — Niigata Prefecture — Gunma Prefecture − for around 10 km (6.2 mi) — Niigata Prefecture − for around 7 km (4.3 mi) — Fukushima Prefecture — Tochigi Prefecture — Ibaraki Prefecture — Fukushima Prefecture
	Pacific Ocean
	United States	California - landfall at Bonny Doon Beach just north of Santa Cruz and falling in Fresno Nevada - Falling South of Alamo and Gold Point Utah / Arizona border Colorado / New Mexico border Colorado / Oklahoma border Kansas / Oklahoma border Missouri Illinois (at its southernmost point) Kentucky - passing through Bowling Green and just south of Paducah Virginia - passing through Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel (specifically, the bridge between the two tunnels)
	Atlantic Ocean
	Portugal	Santa Maria Island in the Azores
	Atlantic Ocean
	Portugal	Sagres Point
	Atlantic Ocean
	Portugal	Cape Santa Maria
	Atlantic Ocean	Gulf of Cádiz
	Spain
	Mediterranean Sea

38th parallel north

This article is about the circle of latitude, a portion of which used to divide the Korean Peninsula. For the history of the division, see Division of Korea. For the current division, see Military Demarcation Line and Korean Demilitarized Zone.

Line across the Earth

38°

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38th parallel north (<maplink zoom="1" text="interactive map" class="no-icon">{ "type": "Feature", "properties": { "stroke": "#f00" }, "geometry": { "coordinates": [ [ -1800, 38 ], [ 1800, 38 ] ], "type": "LineString" } }</maplink>)

The 38th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 38 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. The 38th parallel north formed the border between North and South Korea prior to the Korean War.

At this latitude, the Sun is visible for 14 hours, 48 minutes during the summer solstice and 9 hours, 32 minutes during the winter solstice.

Korea

Main article: Division of Korea

38th parallel north
File:Korea DMZ.svg The Korean Peninsula first divided along the 38th parallel, later along the demarcation line
38th parallel north
Hangul	삼팔선
Hanja	三八線
RR	Sampalseon
MR	Samp'alsŏn

Japan had ruled the Korean Peninsula between 1910 and 1945. When Japan surrendered in August 1945, the 38th parallel was established as the boundary between Soviet and American occupation zones. This parallel divided the Korean peninsula roughly in the middle. In 1948, this parallel became the boundary between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea), both of which claim to be the government of the whole of Korea. On 25 June 1950, after a series of cross-border raids and gunfire from both the Northern and the Southern sides, the North Korean Army crossed the 38th parallel and invaded South Korea. This sparked United Nations Security Council Resolution 82 which called for the North to return its troops to behind the 38th parallel, commencing the Korean War with United Nations troops (mostly American) helping South Korean troops to defend South Korea.

After the Armistice agreement was signed on July 27, 1953, a new line was established to separate North Korea and South Korea. This Military Demarcation Line is surrounded by a Demilitarized Zone. The demarcation line crosses the 38th parallel, from the southwest to the northeast.

Around the world

Starting at the Prime Meridian heading eastward, the 38th parallel north passes through:

Coordinates	Country, territory or sea	Notes
	Mediterranean Sea	Passing just north of the island of Marettimo, Italy (at )
	Italy	Islands of Levanzo and Sicily
	Mediterranean Sea	Strait of Messina
	Italy	Passing through Reggio di Calabria (southern suburbs)
	Mediterranean Sea	Ionian Sea - passing between the islands of Kefalonia (at ) and Zakynthos (at ), Greece
	Greece	Passing through Athens
	Aegean Sea
	Greece	Islands of Petalioi and Euboea
	Aegean Sea	Passing just north of the island of Andros (at ), Greece
	Turkey	Passing through Konya, Niğde and İzmir (southern suburbs)
	Iran	Passing just south of Tabriz
	Caspian Sea
	Turkmenistan
	Iran
	Turkmenistan	Passing just north of Ashgabat
	Tajikistan
	Afghanistan
	Tajikistan
	People's Republic of China	Xinjiang Qinghai Gansu Inner Mongolia Ningxia Inner Mongolia Shaanxi − for around Inner Mongolia − for around Shaanxi Shanxi — passing just north of Taiyuan Hebei — passing just south of Shijiazhuang Shandong
	Yellow Sea	Passing just north of Baengnyeongdo (at ), South Korea
		Ongjin Peninsula — South Hwanghae Province
	Yellow Sea	Ongjin Bay
		South Hwanghae Province passing just south of Haeju North Hwanghae Province passing just north of Kaesong
	South Korea	Gyeonggi Province- Passing through Paju, Yeoncheon County, Pocheon, Gapyeong County Gangwon Province - Passing through Hwacheon County, Chuncheon, (passing just north of Soyang Reservoir), Inje County, Yangyang County
	Sea of Japan
	Japan	Island of Sado: — Niigata Prefecture
	Sea of Japan
	Japan	Island of Honshū: — Niigata Prefecture Passing just north of Niigata City — Yamagata Prefecture — Miyagi Prefecture
	Pacific Ocean
	United States	California - passing through Pinole and Stockton With Sacramento a little to the north Nevada - passing just south of Tonopah Utah - passing through Capitol Reef and Canyonlands National Parks Colorado - passing through Ouray, and then just south of Pueblo Kansas - passing just south of Newton Missouri - passing through Camdenton and just north of Rolla Illinois - passing just south of Mount Vernon Indiana - passing through Evansville Kentucky - passing through Lexington West Virginia - passing just north of Beckley Virginia - passing just south of Charlottesville
	Chesapeake Bay
	United States	Maryland - passing just north of Smith Island and Crisfield Virginia - passing just north of Chincoteague
	Atlantic Ocean	Passing between Pico (at ) and São Miguel (at ) islands, Azores, Portugal
	Portugal	Setúbal District Beja District - passing just south of Beja
	Spain	Andalusia Extremadura Region of Murcia - passing just north of Murcia Valencian Community
	Mediterranean Sea

39th parallel north

The 39th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 39 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean.

At this latitude the sun is visible for 14 hours, 54 minutes during the summer solstice and 9 hours, 26 minutes during the winter solstice.

Daylight along the 39th parallel north falls under 10 hours a day starting on 18 November and returns to over ten hours a day beginning 24 January. The growth of crops and other plants is considerably slowed during this period of reduced sunlight.

In the United States, the eastern boundary of the state of California was defined as following the 120th meridian west south from the 42nd parallel north to its intersection with the 39th parallel north, beyond which it follows a diagonal line to where the Colorado River crosses the 35th parallel north. The intersection of the 120th meridian and 39th parallel is in Lake Tahoe.

Around the world

Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 39° north passes through:

Coordinates	Country, territory or sea	Notes
	Mediterranean Sea
	Spain	Island of Ibiza
	Mediterranean Sea	Passing just south of the island of Cabrera, Spain
	Italy	Islands of Sant'Antioco and Sardinia
	Mediterranean Sea	Tyrrhenian Sea - passing just north of the island of Stromboli, Italy
	Italy
	Mediterranean Sea	Ionian Sea
	Greece	Mainland and island of Euboea
	Aegean Sea	Passing just north of the island of Skyros, Greece
	Greece	Island of Lesbos
	Aegean Sea
	Turkey
	Iran
		Nakhchivan exclave
	Iran
	Caspian Sea
	Turkmenistan	Island of Ogurja Ada
	Caspian Sea
	Turkmenistan	Passing just south of Türkmenabat
	Tajikistan
	People's Republic of China	Xinjiang Qinghai Gansu Qinghai Gansu Qinghai (for about 7 km) Gansu (for about 30 km) Qinghai (for about 17 km) Gansu Inner Mongolia (for about 16 km) Gansu (for about 6 km) Inner Mongolia Gansu Inner Mongolia Ningxia Inner Mongolia Shaanxi Shanxi Hebei Tianjin (just south of the city centre)
	Yellow Sea	Bohai Gulf
	People's Republic of China	Liaoning (Liaodong Peninsula) — passing just north of Dalian
	Yellow Sea	Passing just south of Zhangzi Island and Haiyang Island
		Pyongyang
	Sea of Japan
	Japan	Island of Honshū: — Yamagata Prefecture — Akita Prefecture — Iwate Prefecture — Miyagi Prefecture − for about 1 km — Iwate Prefecture
	Pacific Ocean
	United States	California Nevada - passing through Great Basin National Park Utah Colorado - passing just south of Grand Junction Kansas - passing just south of Topeka Missouri - passing just south of Kansas City Illinois Indiana Kentucky Ohio - passing just south of Cincinnati West Virginia Virginia Maryland - less than a mile north of District of Columbia at ; cutting through the Chesapeake Bay Bridge at Delaware
	Delaware Bay
	United States	New Jersey - passing through Cape May Airport
	Atlantic Ocean	Passing between the islands of Graciosa (almost crossing its southern tip) and São Jorge, Azores, Portugal
	Portugal	Passing about 30km north of Lisbon
	Spain	Passing through Ciudad Real and Albacete
	Mediterranean Sea

40th parallel north

The 40th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 40 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean.

At this latitude the sun is visible for 15 hours, 1 minute and 28 seconds during the summer solstice and 9 hours, 20 minutes during the winter solstice. On 21 June, the maximum altitude of the sun is 73.44 degrees, while it is 26.56 degrees on 21 December.

The maximum altitude of the Sun is > 35.00º in October and > 28.00º in November.

The 40th parallel north is the southern baseline for Canada's National Topographic System.

United States

File:40th parallel US.svg

The 40th parallel defines the state line between Nebraska and Kansas

File:Survey monument RH00-062 from SW 3.jpg

Survey marker on the Kansas/Nebraska state line

The parallel 40° north formed the boundary between the Kansas and Nebraska territories, as per the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854. It remains the boundary between the modern states of Kansas and Nebraska.

The parallel 40° north formed the original northern boundary of the British Colony of Maryland. A subsequent royal grant gave the Colony of Pennsylvania land north of the 40th parallel but mistakenly assumed it would intersect the Twelve Mile Circle, which it does not. Pennsylvania's border was thus unclear and the colony pushed for a border far south of the 40th parallel. The Mason–Dixon Line was drawn between 1763 and 1767 as the compromise boundary between the overlapping claims of these two colonies.

File:40th parallel marker at The Ohio State University (Columbus, Ohio).jpg

40th parallel marker at Ohio State University (Columbus, Ohio)

The parallel 40° north passes through the cities of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Boulder, Colorado, and Columbus, Ohio; as well as northern suburbs of Indianapolis, Indiana and the southern suburbs of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The parallel goes directly through the John Glenn Columbus International Airport, with runway 10L-28R lying immediately north of the line, runway 10R-28L lying slightly south of it, and the line going through the northernmost edges of the terminal. It also passes through the main campus of The Ohio State University; specifically, it cuts directly across the Oval greenspace, between University Hall and the William Oxley Thompson Memorial Library. Ohio Stadium, one of the largest stadiums in the world, barely misses the parallel 40° north (6 seconds or above 40° north).

Baseline Road in Boulder, Colorado, traces the parallel 40° north.

Thistle, Utah, a ghost town since 1983, is slightly (30 seconds or ) below 40° north.

Japan

Gallery

• Monument of North latitude 40 degrees at Nyudouzaki in Oga, Akita
  Monument of North latitude 40 degrees at Nyudouzaki in Oga, Akita
• Nyudozaki Monument
  Nyudozaki Monument
• 40°N and 140°E Crossing Point in Ogata, Akita
  40°N and 140°E Crossing Point in Ogata, Akita
• Globe Monument in Fudai, Iwate
  Globe Monument in Fudai, Iwate

Around the world

Starting in Spain at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 40° north passes through:

Coordinates	Country, territory or sea	Notes
	Spain	Valencian Community
	Mediterranean Sea	Passing just north of the island of Majorca, Spain
	Spain	Island of Menorca
	Mediterranean Sea
	Italy	Island of Sardinia
	Mediterranean Sea	Tyrrhenian Sea
	Italy	Campania
	Mediterranean Sea	Gulf of Policastro
	Italy	Basilicata, Calabria
	Mediterranean Sea	Gulf of Taranto
	Italy	Apulia
	Mediterranean Sea	Strait of Otranto
		Passing just north of Sarandë and just south of Gjirokastër
	Greece
	Mediterranean Sea	Aegean Sea
	Greece	Kassandra and Sithonia
	Mediterranean Sea	Aegean Sea
	Greece	Island of Lemnos
	Mediterranean Sea	Aegean Sea
	Turkey	Passing just north of Ankara
		Passing through Verin Artashat and Norashen, Ararat
		Passing through Karabakh and Kur-Araz Lowland
	Caspian Sea
	Turkmenistan
	Tajikistan
	Tajikistan	For about
		Sokh exclave - for about
		Shohimardon exclave - for about
		Xinjiang Gansu Inner Mongolia Shanxi Hebei Beijing (passing just north of the city centre) Hebei Tianjin Hebei Liaoning (for about )
	Pacific Ocean	Liaodong Bay, Yellow Sea
		Liaoning (Liaodong Peninsula)
		North Pyeongan Province - Passing through Sinuiju Jagang Province South Hamgyeong Province - Passing just north of Hamheung
	Pacific Ocean	Sea of Japan
		Mayang Island
	Pacific Ocean	Sea of Japan
	Japan	Island of Honshū — Akita Prefecture — Iwate Prefecture
	Pacific Ocean
	United States	California - passing south of Shelter Cove Nevada Utah Colorado - passing through Boulder Nebraska / Kansas border Missouri Illinois Indiana - passing through Hoosier Hill, the state high point Ohio - passing through Columbus West Virginia Pennsylvania - passing through Philadelphia New Jersey - passing through Toms River
	Atlantic Ocean	Passing just north of Corvo Island, Azores, Portugal
	Portugal	Passing near Figueira da Foz and Coimbra
	Spain	Extremadura Castile-La Mancha Community of Madrid - for about Castile-La Mancha Valencian Community - Rincón de Ademuz exclave, for about Castile-La Mancha - for about Aragon Valencian Community

Notable cities and towns on 40°N

• Ankara, Turkey
• Beijing, China
• Columbus, Ohio, United States
• Denver, Colorado, United States
• Madrid, Spain
• Naples, Italy
• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
• Yerevan, Armenia

See also

• Circles of latitude between the 30th parallel north and the 35th parallel north
• Circles of latitude between the 40th parallel north and the 45th parallel north
• Baseline (surveying)
• Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel
• Parallel 36°30′ north
• 38th parallel structures, series of circular depressions roughly on the 38th parallel north
• 17th parallel north, similar line dividing North and South Vietnam

Further reading

• Oberdorfer, Don. The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History. (1997)
• 38th parallel (geopolitics) at the Encyclopædia Britannica