PMN J0948+0022

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PMN J0948+0022
SDSS image of the narrow-line Seyfert galaxy PMN J0948+0022.
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
ConstellationSextans
Right ascension09h 48m 57.32s[1]
Declination+00° 22′ 25.56″[1]
Redshift0.583844[1]
Heliocentric radial velocity175,032 km/s[1]
Distance5.780 Gly
Apparent magnitude (V)18.61
Apparent magnitude (B)18.85
Characteristics
TypeFSRQ NLSy 1[1]
Notable featuresGamma-ray emitting Seyfert galaxy
Other designations
SDSS J094857.31+002225.5, NVSS J094857+002225, IERS B0946+006, RX J0948.8+0022, 2PBC J0948.9+0021, CGRaBS J0948+0022[1]

PMN J0948+0022 is a narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy and quasar located 5.7 billion light years[1] away in the constellation of Sextans. It has a redshift of (z) 0.5846,[2] and is classified as radio-loud with a flat and inverted radio spectrum.[3] First discovered in 2002 in the SDSS survey,[4] this object is known to emit gamma-rays, and as such belongs to a new classification of gamma-ray emitting active galactic nuclei along with 1H 0323+342, PKS 2004-447 and PKS 1502+036.[5][6]

Description

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PMN J0948+0022 is constantly in an active state, in terms of emitting gamma-rays.[7] A high energy outburst in July 2010 was detected by the Large Area Telescope aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.[8][9] Two flares were detected during observations in 2011.[10] A new gramma-ray flare was emitted by the object on January 1, 2013 when a peak flux was detected in the 0.1-100 GeV energy range, reaching (155 ± 31) x 10-8 ph cm-2 s-1 making it the most powerful then observed.[2][11] A quasi-simultaneous flare was observed on December 30, 2012, detected in ultraviolet, optical and X-rays.[2] In 2025 it displayed a radio flare.[12]

The radio structure of PMN J0948+0022 is extended on kiloparsec-scales. Radio imaging made by FIRST showed there are two components, located north and south, clearly elongated on two sides and centered at the location of the radio core.[13] There is a powerful relativistic jet[3] pointing in the direction of Earth. This jet's viewing angle is constantly fixed to 3°, while on parsec-scales the jet has an opening angle of 41° ± 1°.[9][14] The Very Long Baseline Array found strong and weak components in PMN J0948+0022 at 15, 5 and 8.4 GHz, while a single component was only found unresolved by the Very Large Array (VLA).[15] In 2019 new radio imaging by the VLA detected a new northern component located 18° from the nucleus. This component is compact, with a separation of 9.1 arcseconds and is elongated in a different direction.[14]

Polarimetry data taken with the Perkins Telescope at Lowell Observatory discovered PMN J0948+0022 displays both optical polarization and rapid microvariability, suggesting blazar-like behavior. Moderate but significant variability was detected in addition, with the percentage of polarization reaching 12.31% ± 1.21% and the electric vector position angle varies. On short timescales PMN J048+0022 was also extremely variable with its minimum brightness increasing from 18.69 ± 0.02 R to a maximum brightness of 17.92 ± 0.02 R within 4 hours and 45 minutes. Subsequently its brightness declined rapidly from 18.13 ± 0.04 R to 18.96 ± 0.02 R in 3 hours. The timescale doubled to 4.39 ± 0.19 hr, then halved to 3.60 ± 0.23 hr.[16]

PMN J0948+0022 also displays intraday variability.[17] On April 26, 2020 it entered a new intraday variability phase detected by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. During the observations, the source begin to fade over a one day period, to the point it became darkened. According to linear fits on both light curves, a magnitude change was calculated as 0.73 and 0.62 magnitude per day.[18]

The central supermassive black hole in PMN J0948+0022 has an estimated mass of 1.61 x 107 Mʘ based on a radius-luminosity relationship proposed by Du and Wang in 2019.[19][20] The accretion rate is Ṁ = 93 and combined with its black hole mass, this confirms PMN J0948+0022 as a super-Eddington accreting galaxy located at a high redshift.[19]

References

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