Triangular tiling honeycomb

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Triangular tiling honeycomb
Type Hyperbolic regular honeycomb
Paracompact uniform honeycomb
Schläfli symbol {3,6,3}
h{6,3,6}
h{6,3[3]} ↔ {3[3,3]}
Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png
File:CDel node h1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel branch 10ru.pngFile:CDel split2.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.png
File:CDel node h1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel split1.pngFile:CDel branch.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel splitsplit1.pngFile:CDel branch4.pngFile:CDel splitsplit2.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel branch 10ru.pngFile:CDel split2.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node h0.png
Cells {3,6} File:Uniform tiling 63-t2.svg File:Uniform tiling 333-t1.svg
Faces triangle {3}
Edge figure triangle {3}
Vertex figure File:Uniform tiling 63-t0.svg File:Uniform tiling 63-t12.svg File:Uniform tiling 333-t012.svg
hexagonal tiling
Dual Self-dual
Coxeter groups Y3, [3,6,3]
VP3, [6,3[3]]
PP3, [3[3,3]]
Properties Regular

The triangular tiling honeycomb is one of 11 paracompact regular space-filling tessellations (or honeycombs) in hyperbolic 3-space. It is called paracompact because it has infinite cells and vertex figures, with all vertices as ideal points at infinity. It has Schläfli symbol {3,6,3}, being composed of triangular tiling cells. Each edge of the honeycomb is surrounded by three cells, and each vertex is ideal with infinitely many cells meeting there. Its vertex figure is a hexagonal tiling.

A geometric honeycomb is a space-filling of polyhedral or higher-dimensional cells, so that there are no gaps. It is an example of the more general mathematical tiling or tessellation in any number of dimensions.

Honeycombs are usually constructed in ordinary Euclidean ("flat") space, like the convex uniform honeycombs. They may also be constructed in non-Euclidean spaces, such as hyperbolic uniform honeycombs. Any finite uniform polytope can be projected to its circumsphere to form a uniform honeycomb in spherical space.

Symmetry

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File:Hyperbolic subgroup tree 363.png
Subgroups of [3,6,3] and [6,3,6]

It has two lower reflective symmetry constructions, as an alternated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node h1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel branch 10ru.pngFile:CDel split2.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.png, and as File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel splitsplit1.pngFile:CDel branch4.pngFile:CDel splitsplit2.pngFile:CDel node.png from File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node g.pngFile:CDel 3sg.pngFile:CDel node g.png, which alternates 3 types (colors) of triangular tilings around every edge. In Coxeter notation, the removal of the 3rd and 4th mirrors, [3,6,3*] creates a new Coxeter group [3[3,3]], File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel splitsplit1.pngFile:CDel branch4.pngFile:CDel splitsplit2.pngFile:CDel node.png, subgroup index 6. The fundamental domain is 6 times larger. By Coxeter diagram there are 3 copies of the first original mirror in the new fundamental domain: File:CDel node c2.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node c1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel node c2.pngFile:CDel splitsplit1.pngFile:CDel branch4 c1.pngFile:CDel splitsplit2.pngFile:CDel node c1.png.

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It is similar to the 2D hyperbolic infinite-order apeirogonal tiling, {∞,∞}, with infinite apeirogonal faces, and with all vertices on the ideal surface.

File:H2 tiling 2ii-4.png
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The triangular tiling honeycomb is a regular hyperbolic honeycomb in 3-space, and one of eleven paracompact honeycombs.

11 paracompact regular honeycombs
File:H3 633 FC boundary.png
{6,3,3}
File:H3 634 FC boundary.png
{6,3,4}
File:H3 635 FC boundary.png
{6,3,5}
File:H3 636 FC boundary.png
{6,3,6}
File:H3 443 FC boundary.png
{4,4,3}
File:H3 444 FC boundary.png
{4,4,4}
File:H3 336 CC center.png
{3,3,6}
File:H3 436 CC center.png
{4,3,6}
File:H3 536 CC center.png
{5,3,6}
Error creating thumbnail:
{3,6,3}
File:H3 344 CC center.png
{3,4,4}

There are nine uniform honeycombs in the [3,6,3] Coxeter group family, including this regular form as well as the bitruncated form, t1,2{3,6,3}, File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png with all truncated hexagonal tiling facets.

[3,6,3] family honeycombs
{3,6,3}
File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png
r{3,6,3}
File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png
t{3,6,3}
File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png
rr{3,6,3}
File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png
t0,3{3,6,3}
File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png
2t{3,6,3}
File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png
tr{3,6,3}
File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png
t0,1,3{3,6,3}
File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png
t0,1,2,3{3,6,3}
File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png
Error creating thumbnail: File:H3 363 boundary 0100.png File:H3 363-1100.png File:H3 363-1010.png File:H3 363-1001.png File:H3 363-0110.png File:H3 363-1110.png File:H3 363-1011.png File:H3 363-1111.png

The honeycomb is also part of a series of polychora and honeycombs with triangular edge figures.

{3,p,3} polytopes
Space S3 H3
Form Finite Compact Paracompact Noncompact
{3,p,3} {3,3,3} {3,4,3} {3,5,3} {3,6,3} {3,7,3} {3,8,3} ... {3,∞,3}
Image File:Stereographic polytope 5cell.png File:Stereographic polytope 24cell.png File:H3 353 CC center.png Error creating thumbnail: File:Hyperbolic honeycomb 3-7-3 poincare.png File:Hyperbolic honeycomb 3-8-3 poincare.png File:Hyperbolic honeycomb 3-i-3 poincare.png
Cells File:Tetrahedron.png
{3,3}
File:Octahedron.png
{3,4}
File:Icosahedron.png
{3,5}
File:Uniform tiling 63-t2.svg
{3,6}
File:Order-7 triangular tiling.svg
{3,7}
File:H2-8-3-primal.svg
{3,8}
File:H2 tiling 23i-4.png
{3,∞}
Vertex
figure
File:5-cell verf.svg
{3,3}
File:24 cell verf.svg
{4,3}
File:Order-3 icosahedral honeycomb verf.svg
{5,3}
File:Uniform tiling 63-t0.svg
{6,3}
File:Heptagonal tiling.svg
{7,3}
File:H2-8-3-dual.svg
{8,3}
File:H2-I-3-dual.svg
{∞,3}

Rectified triangular tiling honeycomb

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Rectified triangular tiling honeycomb
Type Paracompact uniform honeycomb
Schläfli symbol r{3,6,3}
h2{6,3,6}
Coxeter diagram File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png
File:CDel node h1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel branch 10ru.pngFile:CDel split2.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.png
File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel splitsplit1.pngFile:CDel branch4 11.pngFile:CDel splitsplit2.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel branch 10ru.pngFile:CDel split2.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node h0.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node g.pngFile:CDel 3sg.pngFile:CDel node g.png
Cells r{3,6} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t1.svg
{6,3} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t0.png
Faces triangle {3}
hexagon {6}
Vertex figure File:Rectified triangular tiling honeycomb verf.png
triangular prism
Coxeter group Y3, [3,6,3]
VP3, [6,3[3]]
PP3, [3[3,3]]
Properties Vertex-transitive, edge-transitive

The rectified triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png, has trihexagonal tiling and hexagonal tiling cells, with a triangular prism vertex figure.

Symmetry

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A lower symmetry of this honeycomb can be constructed as a cantic order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb, File:CDel branch 10ru.pngFile:CDel split2.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel node h1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.png. A second lower-index construction is File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node g.pngFile:CDel 3sg.pngFile:CDel node g.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel splitsplit1.pngFile:CDel branch4 11.pngFile:CDel splitsplit2.pngFile:CDel node 1.png.

File:H3 363 boundary 0100.png

Truncated triangular tiling honeycomb

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Truncated triangular tiling honeycomb
Type Paracompact uniform honeycomb
Schläfli symbol t{3,6,3}
Coxeter diagram File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png
File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png
Cells t{3,6} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t12.png
{6,3} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t0.png
Faces hexagon {6}
Vertex figure File:Truncated triangular tiling honeycomb verf.png
tetrahedron
Coxeter group Y3, [3,6,3]
V3, [3,3,6]
Properties Regular

The truncated triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png, is a lower-symmetry form of the hexagonal tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png. It contains hexagonal tiling facets with a tetrahedral vertex figure.

File:H3 363-1100.png

Bitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb

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Bitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb
Type Paracompact uniform honeycomb
Schläfli symbol 2t{3,6,3}
Coxeter diagram File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png
Cells t{6,3} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t01.png
Faces triangle {3}
dodecagon {12}
Vertex figure File:Bitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb verf.png
tetragonal disphenoid
Coxeter group 2×Y3, [[3,6,3]]
Properties Vertex-transitive, edge-transitive, cell-transitive

The bitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png, has truncated hexagonal tiling cells, with a tetragonal disphenoid vertex figure.

File:H3 363-0110.png

Cantellated triangular tiling honeycomb

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Cantellated triangular tiling honeycomb
Type Paracompact uniform honeycomb
Schläfli symbol rr{3,6,3} or t0,2{3,6,3}
s2{3,6,3}
Coxeter diagram File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png
File:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png
Cells rr{6,3} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t02.png
r{6,3} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t1.svg
{}×{3} File:Triangular prism.png
Faces triangle {3}
square {4}
hexagon {6}
Vertex figure File:Cantellated triangular tiling honeycomb verf.png
wedge
Coxeter group Y3, [3,6,3]
Properties Vertex-transitive

The cantellated triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png, has rhombitrihexagonal tiling, trihexagonal tiling, and triangular prism cells, with a wedge vertex figure.

Symmetry

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It can also be constructed as a cantic snub triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png, a half-symmetry form with symmetry [3+,6,3].

File:H3 363-1010.png

Cantitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb

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Cantitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb
Type Paracompact uniform honeycomb
Schläfli symbol tr{3,6,3} or t0,1,2{3,6,3}
Coxeter diagram File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png
Cells tr{6,3} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t012.png
t{6,3} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t01.png
{}×{3} File:Triangular prism.png
Faces triangle {3}
square {4}
hexagon {6}
dodecagon {12}
Vertex figure File:Cantitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb verf.png
mirrored sphenoid
Coxeter group Y3, [3,6,3]
Properties Vertex-transitive

The cantitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png, has truncated trihexagonal tiling, truncated hexagonal tiling, and triangular prism cells, with a mirrored sphenoid vertex figure.

File:H3 363-1110.png

Runcinated triangular tiling honeycomb

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Runcinated triangular tiling honeycomb
Type Paracompact uniform honeycomb
Schläfli symbol t0,3{3,6,3}
Coxeter diagram File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png
Cells {3,6} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t2.svg
{}×{3} File:Triangular prism.png
Faces triangle {3}
square {4}
Vertex figure File:Runcinated triangular tiling honeycomb verf.png
hexagonal antiprism
Coxeter group 2×Y3, [[3,6,3]]
Properties Vertex-transitive, edge-transitive

The runcinated triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png, has triangular tiling and triangular prism cells, with a hexagonal antiprism vertex figure.

File:H3 363-1001.png

Runcitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb

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Runcitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb
Type Paracompact uniform honeycomb
Schläfli symbols t0,1,3{3,6,3}
s2,3{3,6,3}
Coxeter diagrams File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png
File:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png
Cells t{3,6} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t12.png
rr{3,6} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t02.png
{}×{3} File:Triangular prism.png
{}×{6} File:Hexagonal prism.png
Faces triangle {3}
square {4}
hexagon {6}
Vertex figure File:Runcitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb verf.png
isosceles-trapezoidal pyramid
Coxeter group Y3, [3,6,3]
Properties Vertex-transitive

The runcitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png, has hexagonal tiling, rhombitrihexagonal tiling, triangular prism, and hexagonal prism cells, with an isosceles-trapezoidal pyramid vertex figure.

Symmetry

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It can also be constructed as a runcicantic snub triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png, a half-symmetry form with symmetry [3+,6,3].

File:H3 363-1101.png

Omnitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb

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Omnitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb
Type Paracompact uniform honeycomb
Schläfli symbol t0,1,2,3{3,6,3}
Coxeter diagram File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png
Cells tr{3,6} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t012.png
{}×{6} File:Hexagonal prism.png
Faces square {4}
hexagon {6}
dodecagon {12}
Vertex figure File:Omnitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb verf.png
phyllic disphenoid
Coxeter group 2×Y3, [[3,6,3]]
Properties Vertex-transitive, edge-transitive

The omnitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png, has truncated trihexagonal tiling and hexagonal prism cells, with a phyllic disphenoid vertex figure.

File:H3 363-1111.png

Runcisnub triangular tiling honeycomb

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Runcisnub triangular tiling honeycomb
Type Paracompact scaliform honeycomb
Schläfli symbol s3{3,6,3}
Coxeter diagram File:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png
Cells r{6,3} File:Uniform tiling 333-t02.svg
{}x{3} File:Triangular prism.png
{3,6} File:Uniform tiling 333-t1.svg
tricup File:Triangular cupola.png
Faces triangle {3}
square {4}
hexagon {6}
Vertex figure
Coxeter group Y3, [3+,6,3]
Properties Vertex-transitive, non-uniform

The runcisnub triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png, has trihexagonal tiling, triangular tiling, triangular prism, and triangular cupola cells. It is vertex-transitive, but not uniform, since it contains Johnson solid triangular cupola cells.

See also

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References

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  • Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd. ed., Dover Publications, 1973. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).. (Tables I and II: Regular polytopes and honeycombs, pp. 294–296)
  • The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays (1999), Dover Publications, LCCN 99-35678, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). (Chapter 10, Regular Honeycombs in Hyperbolic Space) Table III
  • Jeffrey R. Weeks The Shape of Space, 2nd edition Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). (Chapter 16-17: Geometries on Three-manifolds I, II)
  • Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript
    • N.W. Johnson: The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1966
    • N.W. Johnson: Geometries and Transformations, (2018) Chapter 13: Hyperbolic Coxeter groups