Triangular tiling honeycomb
The triangular tiling honeycomb is one of 11 paracompact regular space-filling tessellations (or honeycombs) in hyperbolic 3-space. It is called paracompact because it has infinite cells and vertex figures, with all vertices as ideal points at infinity. It has Schläfli symbol {3,6,3}, being composed of triangular tiling cells. Each edge of the honeycomb is surrounded by three cells, and each vertex is ideal with infinitely many cells meeting there. Its vertex figure is a hexagonal tiling.
A geometric honeycomb is a space-filling of polyhedral or higher-dimensional cells, so that there are no gaps. It is an example of the more general mathematical tiling or tessellation in any number of dimensions.
Honeycombs are usually constructed in ordinary Euclidean ("flat") space, like the convex uniform honeycombs. They may also be constructed in non-Euclidean spaces, such as hyperbolic uniform honeycombs. Any finite uniform polytope can be projected to its circumsphere to form a uniform honeycomb in spherical space.
Symmetry
[edit | edit source]It has two lower reflective symmetry constructions, as an alternated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node h1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.png ↔ File:CDel branch 10ru.pngFile:CDel split2.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.png, and as File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel splitsplit1.pngFile:CDel branch4.pngFile:CDel splitsplit2.pngFile:CDel node.png from File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node g.pngFile:CDel 3sg.pngFile:CDel node g.png, which alternates 3 types (colors) of triangular tilings around every edge. In Coxeter notation, the removal of the 3rd and 4th mirrors, [3,6,3*] creates a new Coxeter group [3[3,3]], File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel splitsplit1.pngFile:CDel branch4.pngFile:CDel splitsplit2.pngFile:CDel node.png, subgroup index 6. The fundamental domain is 6 times larger. By Coxeter diagram there are 3 copies of the first original mirror in the new fundamental domain: File:CDel node c2.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node c1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png ↔ File:CDel node c2.pngFile:CDel splitsplit1.pngFile:CDel branch4 c1.pngFile:CDel splitsplit2.pngFile:CDel node c1.png.
Related Tilings
[edit | edit source]It is similar to the 2D hyperbolic infinite-order apeirogonal tiling, {∞,∞}, with infinite apeirogonal faces, and with all vertices on the ideal surface.
Related honeycombs
[edit | edit source]The triangular tiling honeycomb is a regular hyperbolic honeycomb in 3-space, and one of eleven paracompact honeycombs.
There are nine uniform honeycombs in the [3,6,3] Coxeter group family, including this regular form as well as the bitruncated form, t1,2{3,6,3}, File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png with all truncated hexagonal tiling facets.
The honeycomb is also part of a series of polychora and honeycombs with triangular edge figures.
Rectified triangular tiling honeycomb
[edit | edit source]The rectified triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png, has trihexagonal tiling and hexagonal tiling cells, with a triangular prism vertex figure.
Symmetry
[edit | edit source]A lower symmetry of this honeycomb can be constructed as a cantic order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb, File:CDel branch 10ru.pngFile:CDel split2.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.png ↔ File:CDel node h1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.png. A second lower-index construction is File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node g.pngFile:CDel 3sg.pngFile:CDel node g.png ↔ File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel splitsplit1.pngFile:CDel branch4 11.pngFile:CDel splitsplit2.pngFile:CDel node 1.png.
Truncated triangular tiling honeycomb
[edit | edit source]The truncated triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png, is a lower-symmetry form of the hexagonal tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png. It contains hexagonal tiling facets with a tetrahedral vertex figure.
Bitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb
[edit | edit source]| Bitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb | |
|---|---|
| Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb |
| Schläfli symbol | 2t{3,6,3} |
| Coxeter diagram | File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png |
| Cells | t{6,3} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t01.png |
| Faces | triangle {3} dodecagon {12} |
| Vertex figure | File:Bitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb verf.png tetragonal disphenoid |
| Coxeter group | , [[3,6,3]] |
| Properties | Vertex-transitive, edge-transitive, cell-transitive |
The bitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png, has truncated hexagonal tiling cells, with a tetragonal disphenoid vertex figure.
Cantellated triangular tiling honeycomb
[edit | edit source]| Cantellated triangular tiling honeycomb | |
|---|---|
| Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb |
| Schläfli symbol | rr{3,6,3} or t0,2{3,6,3} s2{3,6,3} |
| Coxeter diagram | File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png File:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png |
| Cells | rr{6,3} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t02.png r{6,3} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t1.svg {}×{3} File:Triangular prism.png |
| Faces | triangle {3} square {4} hexagon {6} |
| Vertex figure | File:Cantellated triangular tiling honeycomb verf.png wedge |
| Coxeter group | , [3,6,3] |
| Properties | Vertex-transitive |
The cantellated triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png, has rhombitrihexagonal tiling, trihexagonal tiling, and triangular prism cells, with a wedge vertex figure.
Symmetry
[edit | edit source]It can also be constructed as a cantic snub triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png, a half-symmetry form with symmetry [3+,6,3].
Cantitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb
[edit | edit source]| Cantitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb | |
|---|---|
| Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb |
| Schläfli symbol | tr{3,6,3} or t0,1,2{3,6,3} |
| Coxeter diagram | File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png |
| Cells | tr{6,3} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t012.png t{6,3} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t01.png {}×{3} File:Triangular prism.png |
| Faces | triangle {3} square {4} hexagon {6} dodecagon {12} |
| Vertex figure | File:Cantitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb verf.png mirrored sphenoid |
| Coxeter group | , [3,6,3] |
| Properties | Vertex-transitive |
The cantitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.png, has truncated trihexagonal tiling, truncated hexagonal tiling, and triangular prism cells, with a mirrored sphenoid vertex figure.
Runcinated triangular tiling honeycomb
[edit | edit source]| Runcinated triangular tiling honeycomb | |
|---|---|
| Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb |
| Schläfli symbol | t0,3{3,6,3} |
| Coxeter diagram | File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png |
| Cells | {3,6} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t2.svg {}×{3} File:Triangular prism.png |
| Faces | triangle {3} square {4} |
| Vertex figure | File:Runcinated triangular tiling honeycomb verf.png hexagonal antiprism |
| Coxeter group | , [[3,6,3]] |
| Properties | Vertex-transitive, edge-transitive |
The runcinated triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png, has triangular tiling and triangular prism cells, with a hexagonal antiprism vertex figure.
Runcitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb
[edit | edit source]| Runcitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb | |
|---|---|
| Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb |
| Schläfli symbols | t0,1,3{3,6,3} s2,3{3,6,3} |
| Coxeter diagrams | File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png File:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png |
| Cells | t{3,6} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t12.png rr{3,6} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t02.png {}×{3} File:Triangular prism.png {}×{6} File:Hexagonal prism.png |
| Faces | triangle {3} square {4} hexagon {6} |
| Vertex figure | File:Runcitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb verf.png isosceles-trapezoidal pyramid |
| Coxeter group | , [3,6,3] |
| Properties | Vertex-transitive |
The runcitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png, has hexagonal tiling, rhombitrihexagonal tiling, triangular prism, and hexagonal prism cells, with an isosceles-trapezoidal pyramid vertex figure.
Symmetry
[edit | edit source]It can also be constructed as a runcicantic snub triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png, a half-symmetry form with symmetry [3+,6,3].
Omnitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb
[edit | edit source]| Omnitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb | |
|---|---|
| Type | Paracompact uniform honeycomb |
| Schläfli symbol | t0,1,2,3{3,6,3} |
| Coxeter diagram | File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png |
| Cells | tr{3,6} File:Uniform polyhedron-63-t012.png {}×{6} File:Hexagonal prism.png |
| Faces | square {4} hexagon {6} dodecagon {12} |
| Vertex figure | File:Omnitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb verf.png phyllic disphenoid |
| Coxeter group | , [[3,6,3]] |
| Properties | Vertex-transitive, edge-transitive |
The omnitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node 1.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png, has truncated trihexagonal tiling and hexagonal prism cells, with a phyllic disphenoid vertex figure.
Runcisnub triangular tiling honeycomb
[edit | edit source]| Runcisnub triangular tiling honeycomb | |
|---|---|
| Type | Paracompact scaliform honeycomb |
| Schläfli symbol | s3{3,6,3} |
| Coxeter diagram | File:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png |
| Cells | r{6,3} File:Uniform tiling 333-t02.svg {}x{3} File:Triangular prism.png {3,6} File:Uniform tiling 333-t1.svg tricup File:Triangular cupola.png |
| Faces | triangle {3} square {4} hexagon {6} |
| Vertex figure | |
| Coxeter group | , [3+,6,3] |
| Properties | Vertex-transitive, non-uniform |
The runcisnub triangular tiling honeycomb, File:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node h.pngFile:CDel 6.pngFile:CDel node.pngFile:CDel 3.pngFile:CDel node 1.png, has trihexagonal tiling, triangular tiling, triangular prism, and triangular cupola cells. It is vertex-transitive, but not uniform, since it contains Johnson solid triangular cupola cells.
See also
[edit | edit source]- Convex uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic space
- Regular tessellations of hyperbolic 3-space
- Paracompact uniform honeycombs
References
[edit | edit source]- Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd. ed., Dover Publications, 1973. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).. (Tables I and II: Regular polytopes and honeycombs, pp. 294–296)
- The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays (1999), Dover Publications, LCCN 99-35678, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). (Chapter 10, Regular Honeycombs in Hyperbolic Space) Table III
- Jeffrey R. Weeks The Shape of Space, 2nd edition Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). (Chapter 16-17: Geometries on Three-manifolds I, II)
- Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript
- N.W. Johnson: The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1966
- N.W. Johnson: Geometries and Transformations, (2018) Chapter 13: Hyperbolic Coxeter groups