Neuropeptide S
Lua error in Module:Infobox_gene at line 53: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a neuropeptide found in human and mammalian brain, mainly produced by neurons in the amygdala and between Barrington's nucleus and the locus coeruleus, although NPS-responsive neurons extend projections into many other brain areas.[1][2][3] NPS binds specifically to a G protein-coupled receptor, NPSR.[4][5] Animal studies show that NPS suppresses anxiety and appetite, induces wakefulness[6] and hyperactivity, and plays a significant role in the extinction of conditioned fear.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] It has also been shown to significantly enhance dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway,[13] and inhibits motility and increases permeability in neurocrine fashion acting through NO in the myenteric plexus in rats and humans.[14]
Synthetic ligands
[edit | edit source]The non-peptide NPS receptor antagonist SHA-68 blocks the effects of NPS in animals and is anxiogenic.[15] Several peptide derived NPS agonists and antagonists have also been developed.[16][17][18][19][20]
Peptide sequence
[edit | edit source]Below are the sequences of mature neuropeptide S in several representative species in which it is expressed:
| ||||||||||||||||||||
| species | sequence | MW |
|---|---|---|
| human | SFRNGVGTGMKKTSFQRAKS
|
2187.5 |
| rat | SFRNGVGSGVKKTSFRRAKQ
|
2210.5 |
| mouse | SFRNGVGSGAKKTSFRRAKQ
|
2182.5 |
| dog, chimp | SFRNGVGTGMKKTSFRRAKS
|
2215.6 |
| chicken | SFRNGVGSGIKKTSFRRAKS
|
2183.5 |
| consensus | SFRNGVGxGXKKTSFxRAKx
|
N/A |
According to Pfam's HMM logo, there is a conserved "KR" cleave site immediately N-terminal to the C-terminal mature peptide.
References
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