MyWiki:VideoWiki/Typhoid fever
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Definition
[edit source]Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a bacterial illness caused by Salmonella typhi.[1]
Onset of illness
[edit source]Symptoms typically begin, six to thirty days after exposure to food or water, contaminated with the feces of an infected person.[2]
Symptoms
[edit source]Early symptoms may vary from mild to severe.[3][4] Usually, there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days;[3] weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, and mild vomiting.[4][5]
Other symptoms
[edit source]Some people will develop a skin rash, with rose colored spots.[4]
Severe cases and carriers
[edit source]In severe cases there may be confusion.[5] Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months.[4]
Carriers
[edit source]Other people may carry the bacterium without being affected; however, they are still able to spread the disease to others.[2]
Causes
[edit source]The cause is the bacterium Salmonella Typhi, that grows in the intestines and blood.[4][5]
Spread
[edit source]Typhoid is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person.
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Risk factor
[edit source]Risk factors include poor sanitation and poor hygiene.[1]
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Risk factor 2
[edit source]Those who travel in the developing world are also at risk.[5]
Diagnosis
[edit source]Because symptoms are similar to those of many other infectious diseases,[5] diagnosis requires either culturing the bacteria, or detecting the bacterium's DNA in the blood, stool, or bone marrow.[4][1][6]
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Bone marrow testing
[edit source]Culturing the bacterium can be difficult, so [7] bone marrow testing is the most accurate.[6]
Prevention
[edit source]The chlorination of public drinking water led to the sharp reduction of typhoid in developed nations.[8] In typhoid-endemic countries,
Typhoid vaccines have been shown to prevent 40 to 90% of cases during the first two years,[9] and may have some effect for up to seven years.[1]
Travel to endemic areas
[edit source]Vaccination is recommended for those at high risk, or people traveling to areas where the disease is common.[2]
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Other efforts
[edit source]Other efforts to prevent the disease include providing clean drinking water, good sanitation, and handwashing.[4][2]
Infected persons quarantine
[edit source]Until it has been confirmed that an individual's infection is cleared, the individual should not prepare food for others.[4]
Treatment
[edit source]The disease is treated with antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, or third generation cephalosporins.[1]
Resistance
[edit source]Resistance to these antibiotics has been developing, which has made treatment more difficult.[1][10]
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Epidemiology
[edit source]In 2015, there were 12.5 million new cases worldwide.[11]
Epidemiology - geography
[edit source]The disease is most common in India.[1]
Epidemiology - demographic
[edit source]Children are most commonly affected.[1][2]
Prognosis
[edit source]Rates of disease decreased in the developed world in the 1940s, as a result of improved sanitation, and use of antibiotics to treat the disease.[2]
Risk of death
[edit source]The risk of death may be as high as 20% without treatment, and 1 to 4% with treatment.[2]
History
[edit source]The most notorious carrier of typhoid fever, but by no means the most destructive, was Mary Mallon, also known as Typhoid Mary.
History 2
[edit source]In 1907, she was the first typhoid carrier identified and traced, while working as a cook in New York. She was associated with 53 cases and three deaths.[12]
History 3
[edit source]She died of pneumonia after 26 years in quarantine.
References
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- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Leal, John L. (1909). "The Sterilization Plant of the Jersey City Water Supply Company at Boonton, N.J." Proceedings American Water Works Association. pp. 100–9.
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