Monothalamea
This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. (June 2023) |
| Monothalamea | |
|---|---|
| File:XenophyophoreNOAA.jpg | |
| Image of a deep sea xenophyophore | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Sar |
| Clade: | Rhizaria |
| Phylum: | Retaria |
| Subphylum: | Foraminifera |
| Class: | Monothalamea Haeckel, 1862,[1] emend. Pawlowski et al., 2013[2] |
| Orders and subtaxa incertae sedis[3] | |
| |
Monothalamea is a grouping of foraminiferans, traditionally consisting of all foraminifera with single-chambered tests. Recent work has shown that the grouping is paraphyletic, and as such does not constitute a natural group; nonetheless, the name monothalamea continues to be used by foraminifera workers out of convenience.[4]
Classification
[edit | edit source]"Monothalamea" traditionally contains two groups, neither of which is currently considered to be monophyletic:
- "Allogromiida" traditionally consists of all foraminifera which lack a mineralised test, instead having a test of tectin. Recent work has shown that this grouping is paraphyletic.
- "Astrorhizida" traditionally consists of all foraminifera with single-chambered, agglutinated tests. Recent work has shown that this grouping is polyphyletic, as agglutinated tests have evolved from proteinaceous tests multiple times throughout foraminiferal evolution.[4]
Recent molecular evidence has revealed that the deep-sea xenophyophores are in fact agglutinated, single-chambered foraminifera.[5] Molecular evidence has also revealed that the freshwater protist Reticulomyxa is in fact a naked, testless foraminifera, and as such it has been included with monothalameans in scientific discussion.[4][6]
A 2013 molecular study using small subunit rDNA concluded that known monothalameans made up at least 22 distinct living clades from marine environments with an additional four clades from freshwater eDNA.[4]
References
[edit | edit source]- ^ Ernst Haeckel: Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda Radiaria). Berlin, 1862
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- ^ Hayward, B.W.; Le Coze, F.; Gross, O. (2019). World Foraminifera Database. Monothalamea. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=744106 on 2019-01-07
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Further reading
[edit | edit source]- Gubbay, S., Baker, M., Bettn, B., Konnecker, G. (2002). "The offshore directory: Review of a selection of habitats, communities and species of the north-east Atlantic", pp. 74–77.
- NOAA Ocean Explorer. "Windows to the deep exploration: Giants of the protozoa", p. 2.
External links
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