Meliaceae
| Meliaceae Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| File:Chinaberry1216.JPG | |
| Melia azedarach in flower | |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Meliaceae Juss.[1] |
| Subfamilies | |
Meliaceae, the mahogany family, is a flowering plant family of mostly trees and shrubs (and a few herbaceous plants, mangroves) in the order Sapindales.
They are characterised by alternate, usually pinnate leaves without stipules, and by syncarpous,[2] apparently bisexual (but actually mostly cryptically unisexual) flowers borne in panicles, cymes, spikes or clusters. Most species are evergreen, but some are deciduous, either in the dry season or in winter.
The family includes about 53 genera and about 600 known species,[3] with a pantropical distribution; one genus (Toona) extends north into temperate China and south into southeast Australia, another (Synoum) into southeast Australia, and another (Melia) nearly as far north. They most commonly grow as understory trees in rainforests, but are also found in mangroves and arid regions.[4]
The fossil record of the family extends back into the Late Cretaceous.[5]
Uses
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Various species are used for vegetable oil, soap-making, insecticides[6][7], and highly prized wood (mahogany).
Some economically important genera and species belong to this family:
- Azadirachta indica, neem tree (India)
- Carapa: includes the "crabwood trees" e.g. Carapa procera (South America and Africa)
- Cedrela odorata Central and South America; timber also known as Spanish-cedar
- Entandrophragma: includes sapele (Entandrophragma cylindricum), and "utile" or "sipo" (E. utile) of tropical Africa
- Guarea, the genus of Bossé or "pink mahogany", includes: G. thompsonii and G. cedrata (Africa)
- Khaya includes: Ivory Coast Mahogany and Senegal Mahogany (tropical Africa)
- Lansium domesticum, lanzones, grown for its edible fruit in Southeast Asia
- Melia azedarach, Chinaberry or white cedar (Indomalaya and Australasia)
- Sandoricum koetjape, santol, grown for its edible fruit in Southeast Asia and South Asia
- Swietenia is the classic "mahogany" genus from the tropical Americas
- Toona: the genus of "toon tree" species (tropical Asia, Malesia, and Australia), especially Toona ciliata
Genera
[edit | edit source] | This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2024) |
58 genera are currently accepted.[8]
The family is divided into two subfamilies, Cedreloideae and Melioideae, which are supported by phylogenetic evidence.[9]
Subfamily Cedreloideae
[edit | edit source]This is also known as subfamily Swietenioideae.[10][11]
other tribes and genera:
- Capuronianthus J.-F.Leroy
- Carapa Aubl.
- Chukrasia A.Juss.
- Entandrophragma C.DC.
- Khaya A.Juss.
- Lovoa Harms
- Neobeguea J.-F.Leroy
- Pseudocedrela Harms
- Schmardaea H.Karst.
- Soymida A.Juss.
- Swietenia Jacq.
- Xylocarpus J.Koenig
Subfamily Melioideae
[edit | edit source]- Aglaia Lour.
- Lansium Corrêa
- Reinwardtiodendron Koord.
- related genera:
- Chisocheton Blume
- Didymocheton Blume
- Dysoxylum Blume ex Raspail
- Epicharis Blume
- Goniocheton Blume
- Prasoxylon M.Roem.
- Pseudocarapa Hemsl.
- Sphaerosacme Wall. ex M.Roem.
tribe: Guareeae[12] - Africa
- Guarea Allemão ex L.
- Heckeldora Pierre
- Leplaea Vermoesen
- Neoguarea (Harms) E.J.M.Koenen & J.J.de Wilde
- Ruagea H.Karst.
- Turraeanthus Baill.
tribe: Melieae
- Melia L.
- Azadirachta A.Juss. [13]
tribe: Sandoriceae
- Sandoricum Cav.
tribe: Turraeeae
- Calodecaryia Leroy
- Humbertioturraea J.-F.Leroy
- Munronia Wight
- Naregamia Wight & Arn.
- Nymania Lindb.
- Turraea L.
- related genera:
- Anthocarapa Pierre
tribe: Trichilieae
- Astrotrichilia (Harms) T.D.Penn. & Styles
- Cipadessa Blume
- Ekebergia Sparrm.
- Heynea Roxb.
- Lepidotrichilia (Harms) T.D.Penn. & Styles
- Malleastrum (Baill.) J.-F.Leroy
- Owenia F.Muell.
- Pseudobersama Verdc.
- Pseudoclausena T.Clark
- Pterorhachis Harms
- Trichilia P.Browne
- Walsura Roxb.
- related genera:
- Quivisianthe Baill.
tribe: Vavaeeae
- Vavaea Benth.
tribe unassigned:
- Aphanamixis Blume
- Cabralea A.Juss.
- Synoum A.Juss.
Notes
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- ^ Of a gynoecium, made up of united carpels
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Meliaceae Juss. Archived 2023-12-12 at the Wayback Machine Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ Holzmeyer, L., Hauenschild, F., Mabberley, D.J. and Muellner-Riehl, A.N. (2021), Confirmed polyphyly, generic recircumscription and typification of Dysoxylum (Meliaceae), with revised disposition of currently accepted species. Taxon, 70: 1248-1272. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12591
- ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Koenen E (2011) ibid.
References
[edit | edit source]- Pennington, T.D. & Styles, B.T. (1975): A generic monograph of the Meliaceae. Blumea 22: 419–540.
External links
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- Meliaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.
- Project Meliaceae
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