Mechanography

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Mechanography
Purposeassessment of muscle function

Mechanography (also referred to as jumping mechanography or Muscle Mechanography[1]) is a medical diagnostic measurement method for motion analysis and assessment of muscle function and muscle power by means of physical parameters. The method is based on measuring the variation of the ground reaction forces over the time for motion patterns close to typical every day movements (e.g. chair rise or jumps). From these ground reaction forces centre of gravity related physical parameters like relative maximum forces, velocity, power output, kinetic energy, potential energy, height of jump or whole body stiffness[2] are calculated. If the ground reaction forces are measured separately for left and right leg in addition body imbalances during the motions can be analysed. This enables for example to document the results of therapy.[3][4] The same methodology can also be used for gait analysis[5][6] or for analysis of stair climbing,[7] grip strength[8] and Posturography.[9] Due to the utilization of every-day movements reproducibility is high over a wide age range[10]

Fields of application

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Typical fields of applications of Mechanography are in the field of geriatrics[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] especially in the field of Sarcopenia[23] but also for Master Athletes.[24] Mechanography is also used frequently in pediatrics for basic research ins muscle function and growth,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] reference Data[8][34][35] as well as in specific diseases like Prader–Willi syndrome,[36] Obesity,[37][38] Osteogenesis Imperfecta[39][40][41][42] and cerebral palsy.[43] In opposite to many other established measurements methods like Chair Rising Test, Stand-up and Go test and others[44][45] the maximum power output relative to body weight during a jump of maximum height measured by Mechanography is a much better reproducible and does not have a training effect even when repeated more frequently.[46]

Based on this test (maximum relative power output of a jump as high as possible) Runge et al. and Schönau et al. defined reference values of a fit population in order to match the individual power output in relation to bodyweight, age and gender[14][31] Tsubaki[47][48] showed when using identical selection criteria as Runge that the relative Power of the Japanese population is identical with western European population which delimits the need for localized reference data. Runge et al. also showed the interrelation between the measured individual power output and the neuromuscular caused fall risk.[49]

Due to this objective and highly reproducible quantification of typical every day movements by means of physical parameters the Mechanography is well suited to document the physical state of a person[14][50][51] as well as the effects of training or therapy.[3][17][38][52][53][54][55] Because of this it is also one of the standard measurements in recent and current Bed Rest Studies of the European Space Agency (ESA).[53][56][57][58] and the Mars500 Mission.[59]

Mechanography has also been used to explore the relation between muscle and bone. According to the Mechanostat theorem muscle function influences bone growth. By combining functional measurement methods like Mechanography and quantitative computer tomographic measurements analysing bone density, geometry and strength this relationship can be assessed.[28][60][61][62][63][64][13][65][66] In sports research Mechanography has been used to assess principle training effects.[67][21][68]

Mechanography Devices

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The standard Mechanography measurement devices as used in all referenced articles are the Leonardo Mechanograph™ systems supplied by Novotec Medical GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany.

Resources

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  1. ^ Taani MH, Kovach CR, Buehring B: Muscle Mechanography: A Novel Method to Measure Muscle Function in Older Adults., Res Gerontol Nurs, 10(1):17-24, 2017; Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  2. ^ Farley CT, Houdijk HH, Van Strien C, Louie M: Mechanism of leg stiffness adjustment for hopping on surfaces of different stiffnesses, Mechanism of leg stiffness adjustment for hopping on surfaces of different stiffnesses, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ^ a b Fricke O, Witzel C, Schickendantz S, Sreeram N, Brockmeier K, Schoenau E: Mechanographic characteristics of adolescents and young adults with congenital heart disease, Eur J Pediatr. 2007 May 22, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ^ Rendenbach C, Kohlmeier C, Suling A, Assaf AT, Catala-Lehnen P, Amling M, Heiland M, Riecke B: Prospective biomechanical analysis of donor-site morbidity after fibula free flap., J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 44(2)::155-9, 2016; Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  5. ^ Veilleux LN, Robert M, Ballaz L, Lemay M, Rauch F: Gait analysis using a force-measuring gangway: Intrasession repeatability in healthy adults, J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact., 11(1):27-33, 2011; Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  6. ^ Veilleux LN, Cheung M, Ben Amor M, Rauch F: Abnormalities in Muscle Density and Muscle Function in Hypophosphatemic Rickets., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, ():, 2012; Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  7. ^ Saxer S, Speich R, Toigo M, Mueller SM, Ulrich Somaini S: Reliability of parameters during stair ascent measured with Leonardo Mechanograph((R)) Stair A in healthy subjects., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 15(3):257-63, 2015; Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  8. ^ a b Lang I, Busche P, Rakhimi N, Rawer R, Martin DD.: Mechanography in childhood: references for grip force, multiple one-leg hopping force and whole body stiffness., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact., 13(2)::227-35., 2013; Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  9. ^ Stolzenberg N, Belavý DL, Rawer R, Felsenberg D.: Vibration or Balance Training on Neuromuscular Performance in Osteopenic Women., Int J Sports Med., 34(11):956-62, 2013; Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  10. ^ Matheson LA, Duffy S, Maroof A, Gibbons R, Duffy C, Roth J: Intra- and inter-rater reliability of jumping mechanography muscle function assessments., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 13(4):480-6, 2013; Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  11. ^ Dietzel R, Gast U, Heine T, Felsenberg D, Armbrecht G: Cross-sectional assessment of neuromuscular function using mechanography in women and men aged 20-85 years., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 13(3):274-81, 2013; Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  12. ^ Felsenberg D., Runge M.: Osteoporosis in Men, Chapter 52: Exercise programs for Pateints with osteoporosis, Osteoporosis in Men, :635-652, 2010
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  14. ^ a b c Runge M, Rittweger J, Russo CR, Schiessl H, Felsenberg D: Is muscle power output a key factor in the age-related decline in physical performance? A comparison of muscle cross section, chair-rising test and jumping power, Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2004 Nov;24(6):335-40, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  15. ^ Buehring B, Hind J, Fidler E, Krueger D, Binkley N, Robbins J: Tongue strength is associated with jumping mechanography performance and handgrip strength but not with classic functional tests in older adults., J Am Geriatr Soc, 61(3):418-22, 2013; Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  17. ^ a b Buehring B, Valentine S, Woods A, Checovich M, Krueger D, Binkley N: Jumping Mechanography Safely Evaluates Muscle Performance in Older Adults, ASBMR 2008, :, 2008
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  23. ^ Dietzel R, Felsenberg D, Armbrecht G: Mechanography performance tests and their association with sarcopenia, falls and impairment in the activities of daily living - a pilot cross-sectional study in 293 older adults., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 15(3):249-56, 2015; Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  24. ^ Gast U, Belavy DL, Armbrecht G, Kusy K, Lexy H, Rawer R, Rittweger J, Winwood K, Zielinski J, Felsenberg D: Bone density and neuromuscular function in older competitive athletes depend on running distance., Osteoporos Int, 24(7):2033-42, 2013; Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  25. ^ Fricke O, Stabrey A, Tutlewski B, Schoenau E: Mechanographic analyses in pediatrics: allometric scaling of 'peak jump force' and its relationship to 'maximal isometric grip force' in childhood and adolescence, Klin Padiatr., 221(7):436-9, 2009; Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  30. ^ Pouliot-Laforte A, Veilleux LN, Rauch F, Lemay M: Validity of an accelerometer as a vertical ground reaction force measuring device in healthy children and adolescents and in children and adolescents with osteogenesis imperfecta type I., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 14(2):155-61, 2014; Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  31. ^ a b Fricke O, Weidler J, Tutlewski B, Schoenau E: Mechanography - a new device for the assessment of muscle function in pediatrics, Pediatr Res. 2006 Jan;59(1):46-9. Epub 2005 Dec 2, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  32. ^ Veilleux LN, Rauch F, Lemay M, Ballaz L: Agreement between vertical ground reaction force and ground reaction force vector in five common clinical tests., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 12(4):219-23, 2012; Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  34. ^ Busche P, Rawer R, Rakhimi N, Lang I, Martin DD.: Mechanography in childhood: references for force and power in counter movement jumps and chair rising tests., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact., 13(2)::213-26., 2013; Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  35. ^ Sumnik Z, Matyskova J, Hlavka Z, Durdilova L, Soucek O, Zemkova D: Reference data for jumping mechanography in healthy children and adolescents aged 6-18 years., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 13(3):259-73, 2013; Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  36. ^ Edouard T, Deal C, Van Vliet G, Gaulin N, Moreau A, Rauch F, Alos N: Muscle-Bone Characteristics in Children with Prader–Willi syndrome., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, ():, 2011; Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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