Makassar languages
| Makassar | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Indonesia (Sulawesi) |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | maka1310 |
| ELP | Lua error in Module:Endangered_Languages_Project at line 21: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
 Map showing the distribution of the South Sulawesi languages in Sulawesi and Kalimantan. Languages within Makassar languages group, varying between number 6 to 10. | |
| Lua error in Module:Mapframe at line 411: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). Interactive map of Makassar languages, click the map Marker for further detail and navigation. | |
The Makassar languages are a group of languages spoken in the southern part of South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, and make up one of the branches of the South Sulawesi subgroup in the Austronesian language family.[1][2] The most prominent member of this group is Makassarese, with over two million speakers in the city of Makassar and neighboring areas.
The status of the Makassar languages, other than Makassarese, as distinct languages is not universally accepted. In older classifications,[3] as well as in recent studies by local linguists,[4] they are considered to be dialects of the Makassarese language.
Languages
[edit | edit source]Phonology
[edit | edit source]A characteristic feature of the Makassar languages is the occurrence of echo vowels with stems ending in final /r/, /l/ or /s/. E.g. /botol/ 'bottle' is realized as bótolo in Selayar and Coastal Konjo, and as bótoloʔ in Makassarese and Highland Konjo (the latter regularly adds a glottal stop to the echo vowel). This echo vowel is dropped if a suffix is added, but retained if followed by an enclitic.[5]
| Makassarese | Selayar | |
|---|---|---|
| base | /rantas/ rántasaʔ 'dirty' |
/lambus/ lámbusu 'straight' |
| with suffix | /rantas/ + /-aŋ/ rantás-aŋ 'dirtier' |
/lambus/ + /-aŋ/ lambús-aŋ 'straighter' |
| with enclitic | /rantas/ + /=aʔ/ rántasak=aʔ 'I am dirty' |
/lambus/ + /=a/ lámbusu=a 'I am straight' |
Konjo (both Coastal and Highland Konjo), Bentong, Selayar and the Labbakkang dialect of Makassarese have j /ɟ/ and /h/ where Makassarese (Maros, Goa, Takalar, Jeneponto, Bantaeng) has y /j/ and /w/. In some words, Coastal/Highland Konjo and Selayar have h corresponding to zero in Makassarese, e.g. Konjo/Selayar bahine ('female'), uhuʔ ('hair') vs. Makassarese baine, uʔ.
| Makassarese | Konjo | Selayar | |
|---|---|---|---|
| pig | bawi | bahi | bahi |
| time | wattu | hattu | hattu |
| many, much | lowe,[i][ii] (jai) | lohe | lohe |
| rat, mouse | balawo[i] | balaho | balaho |
| wait | tayang | tajang | tajang |
| wood | kayu | kaju | kaju |
| look, find | boya | hoja | boja |
| to make | bayu,[ii] (pareʼ) | haju | (buaʼ) |
In Konjo languages, some initial b appears as /h/.
| Makassarese | Konjo | Selayar | |
|---|---|---|---|
| to look, find | boya | hoja | boja |
| hot | bambang | hambang | bambang |
Lexical differences
[edit | edit source]| Makassarese | Coastal Konjo | Highland Konjo | Selayar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gowa (Standard) | Jeneponto | Bantaeng | ||||
| to make | appareʼ | aʼbayu | aʼbaju | aʼbaju | aʼbuaʼ | |
| to sit | ammempo | accidong | accidong | ammorong | attolong | |
| hungry | cipuruʼ | paʼre | paʼre | paʼre | paʼre | |
| rice field | tana | galung | galung | galung | galung | |
| many, much | jai | loe | lohe | lohe | lohe | |
| why | angngapa | angngura | angngura | anngura | angngura | |
| friend | agang | urang | urang | urang | urang | |
| water | jeʼneʼ | ere | ere | ere | jeʼneʼ | |
| egg | bayao | bajao | tannoroʼ | tannoro | ||
| dog | kongkong | asu | asu | asu | asu | |
| cat | miong | cammiʼ | cammiʼ, meong | meong | meong | |
| leaf | lekoʼ | raung | raung | raung | taha | |
| black | leʼleng | bolong | lotong | etang | ||
| white | keboʼ | pute | pute | pute | ||
| eight | sagantuju | karua | karua | karua | ||
| nine | salapang | salapang | salapang | kaʼassa | ||
| vegetable | gangang | utang | gangang | gangang | ||
| house | ballaʼ | ballaʼ, bola | bola | sapo | ||
| chicken | jangang | jangang | manuʼ | jangang | ||
See also
[edit | edit source]Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 392: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').
References
[edit | edit source]- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Friberg, T. and T.V. Laskowske (1989). "South Sulawesi languages". In: J.N. Sneddon (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part 1, pp. 1-17. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri Nusa.
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).[permanent dead link]
External links
[edit | edit source]- Makassar languages at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020).