Lithobates
| Lithobates Temporal range:
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|---|---|
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| A close up of a male American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Ranidae |
| Genus: | Lithobates Fitzinger, 1843 |
| Type species | |
| Rana palmipes Spix, 1824
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| Species | |
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7 to 50, depending on the definition | |
| Synonyms | |
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Lithobates, commonly known as the bullfrogs, is a genus of true frogs, of the family Ranidae.[1] The name is derived from Ancient Greek: litho- (stone) and βάτης : bátēs (one that treads), meaning one that treads on rock, or rock climber.[2][3] As presently defined, it includes many of eastern North America's most familiar aquatic frog species, including the American bullfrog, green frog, and the leopard frogs.
Systematics
[edit | edit source]The name was defined by Hillis and Wilcox (2005) for a subgenus of four Central and South American frogs within the genus Rana.[4][5] The subgenus was subsequently expanded to seven species in Central and South America in a systematic revision of the genus Rana.[6] The name was previously used by Frost et al. as a separate genus of ranid frogs that included most of the North American frogs traditionally included in the genus Rana,[7] including the American bullfrog and northern leopard frog. Frost used the name in this sense in the frog section of a North American common names list edited by Crother (2008).[8] This proposed change has since been rejected by others, such as Stuart (2008),[9] Pauly et al. (2009),[10] AmphibiaWeb,[11] and Yuan et al. (2016).[6] AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/, an online compendium of amphibian names, follows Yuan et al. (2016) in recognizing Lithobates as a subgenus.[6] On the other hand, Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an online reference, uses Lithobates as a genus.[1] This definition is also followed by, e.g., the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)[12] and the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.[13]
The earliest known members of this genus are known from the Early Miocene of Florida, and appear to belong to the leopard frog species complex.[14]
Species
[edit | edit source]Recent species
[edit | edit source]These species are recognised in the genus Lithobates:[1]
- Lithobates areolatus (Baird and Girard, 1852) – crawfish frog
- Lithobates berlandieri (Baird, 1859) – Rio Grande leopard frog
- Lithobates blairi (Mecham, Littlejohn, Oldham, Brown, and Brown, 1973) – Plains leopard frog
- Lithobates brownorum (Sanders, 1973)
- Lithobates bwana (Hillis and de Sá, 1988) – Rio Chipillico frog
- Lithobates capito (LeConte, 1855) – gopher frog
- Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802) – American bullfrog
- Lithobates chichicuahutla (Cuellar, Méndez-De La Cruz, and Villagrán-Santa Cruz, 1996) – Lago de las Minas frog
- Lithobates chiricahuensis (Platz and Mecham, 1979) – Chiricahua leopard frog
- Lithobates clamitans (Latreille, 1801) – green frog
- Lithobates dunni (Zweifel, 1957) – Patzcuaro frog
- †Lithobates fisheri (Stejneger, 1893) – Vegas Valley leopard frog or Mogollon Rim leopard frog
- Lithobates forreri (Boulenger, 1883) – Forrer's leopard frog
- Lithobates grylio (Stejneger, 1901) – pig frog
- Lithobates heckscheri (Wright, 1924) – river frog
- Lithobates johni (Blair, 1965) – Moore's frog
- Lithobates juliani (Hillis and de Sá, 1988) – Maya Mountains frog
- Lithobates kauffeldi (Feinberg, Newman, Watkins-Colwell, Schlesinger, Zarate, Curry, Shaffer, and Burger, 2014) – Atlantic Coast leopard frog
- Lithobates lenca (Luque-Montes et al., 2018)
- Lithobates lemosespinali (Smith and Chiszar, 2003) – Lemos-Espinal's leopard frog
- Lithobates macroglossa (Brocchi, 1877) – Guatemala plateau frog
- Lithobates maculatus (Brocchi, 1877) – highland frog
- Lithobates magnaocularis (Frost and Bagnara, 1974) – Northwest Mexico leopard frog
- Lithobates megapoda (Taylor, 1942) – big-footed leopard frog
- Lithobates miadis (Barbour and Loveridge, 1929) – island leopard frog
- Lithobates montezumae (Baird, 1854) – Montezuma leopard frog
- Lithobates neovolcanicus (Hillis and Frost, 1985) – transverse volcanic leopard frog
- Lithobates okaloosae (Moler, 1985) – Florida bog frog
- Lithobates omiltemanus (Günther, 1900) – Guerreran leopard frog
- Lithobates onca (Cope, 1875) – relict leopard frog
- Lithobates palmipes (Spix, 1824) – Amazon River frog
- Lithobates palustris (LeConte, 1825) – pickerel frog
- Lithobates pipiens (Schreber, 1782) – northern leopard frog
- Lithobates psilonota (Webb, 2001) – smooth-backed frog
- Lithobates pueblae (Zweifel, 1955) – Puebla frog
- Lithobates pustulosus (Boulenger, 1883) – Mexican cascades frog
- Lithobates septentrionalis (Baird, 1854) – mink frog
- Lithobates sevosus (Goin and Netting, 1940) – Mississippi gopher frog
- Lithobates sierramadrensis (Taylor, 1939) – Sierra Madre frog
- Lithobates spectabilis (Hillis and Frost, 1985) – showy leopard frog
- Lithobates sphenocephalus (Cope, 1886) – southern leopard frog
- Lithobates sylvaticus (LeConte, 1825) – wood frog
- Lithobates tarahumarae (Boulenger, 1917) – Tarahumara frog
- Lithobates taylori (Smith, 1959) – Peralta frog
- Lithobates tlaloci (Hillis and Frost, 1985) – Tlaloc's leopard frog
- Lithobates vaillanti (Brocchi, 1877) – Vaillant's frog
- Lithobates vibicarius (Cope, 1894) – green-eyed frog
- Lithobates virgatipes (Cope, 1891) – carpenter frog
- Lithobates warszewitschii (Schmidt, 1857) – Warszewitsch's frog
- Lithobates yavapaiensis (Platz and Frost, 1984) – lowland leopard frog
- Lithobates zweifeli (Hillis, Frost, and Webb, 1984) – Zweifel's frog
Alternatively, if Lithobates is treated as a subgenus (neotropical true frogs), then this narrower definition would contain the following species:
- Rana (Lithobates) bwana Hillis and de Sá, 1988 – Rio Chipillico frog
- Rana (Lithobates) juliani Hillis and de Sá, 1988 – Maya Mountains frog
- Rana (Lithobates) maculata Brocchi, 1877 – highland frog
- Rana (Lithobates) palmipes Spix, 1824 – Amazon River frog
- Rana (Lithobates) vaillanti Brocchi, 1877 – Vaillant's frog
- Rana (Lithobates) vibicaria (Cope, 1894) – green-eyed frog
- Rana (Lithobates) warszewitschii Schmidt, 1857 – Warszewitsch's frog
Fossil species
[edit | edit source]The following fossil species are known, all assignable to the L. pipiens (leopard frog) complex:[14]
- †Lithobates bucella (Holman, 1965) (Early Miocene of Florida)
- †Lithobates dubitus (Taylor, 1942) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Kansas)
- †Lithobates fayeae (Taylor, 1942) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Kansas)
- †Lithobates moorei (Taylor, 1942) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Kansas)
- †Lithobates miocenicus (Holman, 1965) (Early Miocene of Florida)
- †Lithobates robustocondylus (Taylor, 1942) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Kansas)
- †Lithobates rexroadensis (Taylor, 1942) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Kansas)
- †Lithobates parvissimus (Taylor, 1942) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Kansas)
The species described in 1942 were previously placed in their own genus, Anchylorana.[14]
References
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- ^ βάτης. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project one that treads or covers
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- ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2006): Amphibian Species of the World Version 3 - Petropedetidae Noble, 1931. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Retrieved 2006-AUG-05., Frost, Darrel R. et al. (2006): The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Number 297. New York.
- ^ Crother, B.I. (ed.) (2008): Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North American north of Mexico - Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).. SSAR Herptological Circular 37:1-84.
- ^ Stuart, Bryan L. (2008): The phylogenetic problem of Huia (Amphibia: Ranidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46(1): 49–60 Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). (HTMl abstract)
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2012. Berkeley, California: Rana
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