List of mills in Chadderton
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This is a list of the cotton and other textile mills in Chadderton, Greater Manchester, England.
A–E
[edit | edit source]| Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ace | P.S.Stott | Whitegate Lane SD896037 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1914 | Standing | 53 |
| Notes: [1][2] | |||||
| Acorn | Stott & Sons(Extensions) | Union St SD909038 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | c. 1860 | c. 1916* | |
| Notes: Built by John Charles Beard. Was extended in 1882 and 1884. Its spindleage in 1889, when it was a doublers and tape warp makers, was 10,000. Land now occupied by housing. [2][3] | |||||
| Alder Root | Cowhill, Chadderton SD910048 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | c.1860 | c.1883 | ||
| Notes: Old building used as a mill. Demolished to make way for Glenby Mill (see below)[2][4] | |||||
| Asia | F.W.Dixon | Clayton St SD912031 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1904 | 1982 | 77 |
| Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 117,000 Platts. Engine:Buckley & Taylor[2][5] | |||||
| Bank | Crossley Bridge SD899048
Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. |
1776 | c. 1900 | ||
| Notes: Watermill built by Thomas Ashton [2][6] | |||||
| Baytree | Stott and Sons | Mills Hill Road SD888053 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1903 | 1985 | 56 |
| Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 97,000 Dobson & Barlow. Engine:George Saxon 1400hp. Used by Avro for manufacture of aircraft parts during World War II[2][7][8] | |||||
| Bentfield | Peel Street SD909049 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1969 | Standing | 22 | |
| Notes: Single storey shed on site of Platt Brothers Hartfield Forge.[2][1] | |||||
| Boundary | Mills Hill Road SD888059 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | <1861 | c. 1932 | ||
| Notes: 1891- Thorburn and Co, Ltd. Spindleage: (1915) 10,500 mule 3,500 ring. Engine:Scott and Hodgson 300hp.[2][9] | |||||
| Bower | Henshaw Lane, Chadderton SD901027 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | c. 1780 | c. 1900 | ||
| Notes: Water-powered early mill converted into a rope works. By 1861, it was spinning cotton again before being converted into a glue works.[2][9] | |||||
| Busk | P.S.Stott | Busk Road SD913057 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | c. 1847 | 1931 | |
| Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 23,624 ring; 10,000 doubling. Engine:(1906)J. E. Wood 525hp[2][10] | |||||
| Butler Green | A.H.Stott | Wallis Street SD905038 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1863 | 1948 | 72 |
| Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 96,816 [2][10] | |||||
| Chadderton | P.S. Stott | Fields New Rd SD907045 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1885 | Standing | 115 |
| Error creating thumbnail: | Grade II listed building.[11]Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 102,456 Platt. Engine:Hick, Hargreaves & Co. 1100hp[2][12][13] Cast iron and steel frame with brick cladding, 5 storey 18 bay by 9 bay with later extensions. | ||||
| Clarence | Wild | James Street Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | c. 1869 | 1889 | |
| Notes: Spindleage: (1889) 78,590 Demolished and replaced with Wren Mill, and then Asda.[2][13] | |||||
| Clough | Hunt Clough | c. 1776 | ? | ||
| Notes: A small water-powered mill. There were also two Clough Mills in Shaw and one in Springhead.[2][12][13] | |||||
F–J
[edit | edit source]| Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Falcon Mill | P S Stott | Victoria Street Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1885 | Standing | 74 |
| File:Falcon Mill, Victoria Street, Chadderton - geograph.org.uk - 696671.jpg | Notes: The big single storey building is an unusual (for Oldham) example of a weaving shed among the big spinning mills. Designed by P S Stott in 1885 for the Oldham Velvet Manufacturing Co. In 1915 it had 802 looms powered by an Urmson & Thompson engine. [14] | ||||
| Fernhurst | A H Stott | Fernhurst Street SD911064 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1905 | 2011 | 59 |
| Notes: Spindleage: (1915)112,524 Platts. Engine Browett & Lindley 1400hp. Extended in 1946, taken over by Cotton & Rayon Spinners Ltd. In 2011[15] it was demolished and in 2015 it was announced that the site would be used for a "DifRent" housing scheme.[2][12][16][17] | |||||
| Firwood | Joshua Lane SD888051 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | c. 1844 | 1960 | ||
| Notes: Spindleage: (1915)14,376 mule, 500 looms. Built by James Cheetham by the Rochdale canal, did velvets and twills[2][16] | |||||
| Forge Mill / Stock Lane Mill | Stock Lane SD908049 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1858 | 1978 | ||
| Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 24,048.Built by Higginson and Wallwork then sold to Bodden and Mercer. In 1875 changed name to Stock Lane, extended in 1912 and again in 1926.[2][12][16] | |||||
| Gem | FW Dixon | Fields New Rd SD903039 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1901 | 2008 | 36 |
| File:Chadderton,Oldham - geograph.org.uk - 1547.jpg | Notes: Ceased spinning cotton in 1937. Taken over by the Ferranti company during WWII to manufacture radio valves and then semiconductor devices. Demolished in 2008 to make way for housing. Spindleage: (1915) 115,000 Asa Lees. Engine:George Saxon 1700hp[2][12][18][19] | ||||
| Glebe | Drury Lane SD905030 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1866 | 1973 | 104 | |
| Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 127,600 mule,24336 ring, 300 doubling Platts/Howard & Bullough. Engine:(1871)W & J Yates 220hp, (1906) Scott & Hodgson 2500hp (1914)Scott & Hodgson 1250hp[2][18] | |||||
| Glenby | Cowhill, SD910047 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.[2][20] | 1885 | 1962 | 74 | |
| Gordon | J Wild | Elizabeth St SD901033 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1884 | c. 1968 | 75 |
| Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 66,000 Platts. Engine:Buckley & Taylor 1200hp[2][20] | |||||
| Gorse | P S Stott | Gorse Street SD897038 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1908 | Standing | 51 |
| File:Gorse (and Rugby) Mill, Chadderton - geograph.org.uk - 216400.jpg | Notes: Gorse (and Rugby) Mill, Chadderton. A cell phone mast is currently mounted to the stair tower. The engine house has been demolished. Architect was P S Stott. Built 1908. Engine was 1600 hp Urmson & Thompson cross compound.[2][12][20] | ||||
| Green Lane / Apex | Green Lane, SD888050
Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.[2][21] |
1871 | c. 1928 | ||
| Grimshaw | E Potts | Chadderton SD888049 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1874 | c. 1946 | |
| Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 47,472 Platts/Asa Lees.[2][22] | |||||
| Hawthorn | Chadderton SD911057 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1878 | 1971 | 92 | |
| Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 92,000 Engine:George Saxon.800hp It was still powered by steam through a rope race when in closed in May 2000.[2][23] | |||||
| Junction | E. Potts | Junction Street SD890049 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1874 | 2000* | 81 |
| Notes: 1891-Junction Spinning Co Ltd. Spindleage: (1915) 73,572 Asa Lees Engine:George Saxon.1000hp Transferred to the Lancashire Cotton Corporation in the 1930s.[2][12][24] | |||||
K–O
[edit | edit source]| Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kent | G Stott | Victoria St, Chadderton SD912060 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1908 | 1994 | 83 |
| File:Kent Mill, Chadderton.jpg | Notes: Cotton spinning mill built in 1908 by Kent Mill Ltd and latterly part of the Courtaulds Group. Architect was G Stott. 104,000 spindles. 1200 horsepower George Saxon steam engine. Mill closed 1991 and demolished 1994. The adjoining Manor Mill is still standing.[2][12][25] | ||||
| Landsdowne / Avon | Crompton St SD911052 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1861 | 1937 | ||
| Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 77,000 Platts. Engine:(1885) George Saxon,300hp, (1902)Buckley & Taylor,800hp. Built by John Walton for himself and Abraham Stott, sold to Mr Jackson Brierley and the Lansdown Spinning Co who extended it in 1885. Taken over by the Avon Spinning Company in 1901 and renamed. Serious fires 9 December 1921 and 25 November 1922.[2][25] | |||||
| Lark | F.W.Dixon | Chadderton SD904041 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1901 | 1938 | 37 |
| Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 109,704 Engine:George Saxon.1800hp [2][25] | |||||
| Laurel | Stott & Son | Chadderton SD888054 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1905 | 1988 | |
| Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 120,000, Hetherington Engine:George Saxon.1400hp [2][25] | |||||
| Logwood | Mill Brow, Chadderton SD900068 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | c. 1859 | c. 1923 | ||
| Notes: Ancient corn mill converted into a dye works. Extended in 1905 [2][26] | |||||
| Magnet | F.W.Dixon | Denton Lane, Chadderton SD904046 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1902 | c. 1967 | |
| Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 60,156 mule, 44,680 ring, Howard & Bullough Engine:George Saxon.1700hp [2][27] | |||||
| Malta | F.W.Dixon | Mills Hill Rd, Chadderton SD889088 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1905 | Standing | |
| File:Malta Mill, Middleton - geograph.org.uk - 696711.jpg | Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 110,160 Platts. Engine:Buckley & Taylor 1200hp.Taken over by the LCC in the late 1940s.[2][12][27] | ||||
| Manor | G. Stott | Victoria St SD911058 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1906 | Standing | 84 |
| File:Manor Mill, Chadderton.jpg | 1244330Notes: Cast iron and steel construction, faced in brick with stone dressings and flat roof. 5 storeys, 36 bays by 13 bay . Water tank with copper dome. Spindleage: (1915) 91,136 Asa Lees Engine:George Saxon.1200hp. Ceased production in 1932, reopened by the LCC in 1940[2][12][27] | ||||
| Melbourne | Chadderton SD908053 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1860 | 1980 | 99 | |
| Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 86,206 Platts. Engine:J.Musgrave & Sons, 140hp, Buckley & Taylor 1300hp. Built in 1860 by the Oldham Cotton Spinning Co, one of the earliest Oldham Limiteds Refloated in 1923 as Melbourne Mills Ltd. [2][28] | |||||
| Melrose | Chadderton SD906040 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1869 | c. 1942 | 66 | |
| Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 40,000 [2][28] | |||||
| Mills Hill | Corbrook Road, Chadderton, SD890061
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c. 1875 | 1909 | ||
| Mona | P.S.Stott | Chadderton SD906043 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1905 | 2012 | 54 |
| File:Mona Mill - geograph.org.uk - 905818.jpg | Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 90,456 Platts. Engine:George Saxon.1400hp. [2][12][28] | ||||
| Nile | P S Stott | Fields New Rd SD905043 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1898 | Standing | |
| File:Nile Mill - geograph.org.uk - 695462.jpg | 1376627Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 104,000 rings Platts. Engine:Buckley & Taylor 2000hp. When built, this was the largest ring spinning mill in the world. It was the last mill built with a beam engine, and the last to use vertical shafts and gears. An extra storey was added in 1905, the card room was extended in 1907 and further extensions in 1912 and 1914.[2][12][29] | ||||
| Oak | T.Mitchell | Spencer St, Chadderton SD910037 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1874 | 1934 | 55 |
| Notes: Spindleage (1915) 122,090 [2][30] | |||||
| Osborne | Architect | Robinson St, Chadderton SD909046 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1853 | 1973 | |
| Notes: Spindleage (1915) 46,736. Built in 1853 by Robert Ogden & Co. Scene of an accident, 15 March 1875, when a ten-year employee was burnt to death. Taken over in 1889 by the Osborne Mill Co Ltd, and extended in 1903 and in 1926, now residential. [2][12][30] | |||||
| Osborne | Architect | Osborne Street SD914057 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1853 | Standing | 120 |
| File:Osborne Mills, Chadderton 695142-by-Chris-Allen.jpg | Notes: Pair of mills on Osborne and Waddington Streets. No. 1 (back)was by A H Stott in 1873, extended 1891 and 1900, closed 1968. 66,008 spindles in 1910.No. 2 was by P S Stott in 1912 with 54,720 spindles. Also closed 1968. No. 1 had Petrie engines and then from 1920 a C A Parsons turbine. No. 2 had a 1200 hp Hick, Hargreaves. Now in multiple occupation.[2][12][30] | ||||
P–T
[edit | edit source]| Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palm | Potts, Pickup &Dixon | Chadderton SD906050Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1884 | 1928* | 42 |
| Notes: Spindleage (1915) 93,000 ring, 10,000 doubling. Platts/Howard & Bullough. Engines: Two Pollit & Wigzell, 1200hp in all. It was built on the site of the former Stockbrook Mill in 1884, as the first wholly ring mill in the district. An extra storey was added in 1899. [2][12][31] | |||||
| Ram (Orb) | A H Stott P S Stott |
Gordon Street SD896041 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1907 | Standing | 64 |
| File:Ram Mill, Chadderton - geograph.org.uk - 215725.jpg | Notes: [2][12][32] | ||||
| Ramsey | F.W.Dixon | Chadderton SD906042 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1906 | 1979 | |
| Notes: Spindleage (1915) 90,000 Platts. Engine: Urmson & Thompson. [2][32] | |||||
| Raven | P S Stott | Chadderton SD903042 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1907 | Standing | |
| File:Dark,Satanic Mills - geograph.org.uk - 80561.jpg | Notes: Spindleage (1915) 90,432 mule, 18,240 ring, Asa Lees. Engine:Buckley & Taylor 1500hp. [2][12][32] | ||||
| Richmond | P S Stott | Chadderton SD907034 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1889 | 1976 | |
| Notes: Spindleage (1915) 66,300 mule.Engine:Buckley & Taylor 1000hp. [2][32] | |||||
| Rose | P S Stott | Chadderton SD904033 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1885 | 2007 | 61 |
| Notes: Spindleage (1915) 45,972. Engine:Timoth Bates & Co. During construction 25 May 1885 there was an accident when the floors collapsed. Following frequent arson attacks the mill was burnt down in 2007.[33][2][12][4] | |||||
| Rugby | F.W.Dixon | Chadderton SD895038 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1908 | 2014 | 90 |
| File:Rugby Mill, Chadderton. - geograph.org.uk - 216374.jpg | Notes: Spindleage (1915) 113,613 Platts. Engine: George Saxon, 1200hp.[2][12][5] | ||||
| Rushbank | J.Wild | Chadderton SD906056 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | c. 1862 | 1974 | |
| Notes: Spindleage (1915) 60,625.Built by Edmund Whittaker who to expand bought the adjacent Springvale Mill. They were connected in 1922. [2][5] | |||||
| Spring (Shaw's) | Chadderton SD905038
Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. |
c. 1870 | c. 1955 | ||
| Notes: Spindleage (1915) 15,000. Doubling. From 1889 Joseph Shaw's company ran this mill. [2][12][6] | |||||
| Springbrook(e) | Chadderton [2] | c. 1875 | c. 1985 | ||
| Springfield Works | Lansdowne Road, Chadderton SD895017 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | c. 1860 | c. 1938 | ||
| Notes: Spindleage (1915) 70,000. Built for Shaw & Butterworth. John Shaw continued to run the mill alone throughout his life. [2][12][6] | |||||
| Spring Vale | Chadderton SD907056 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | c. 1865 | 1975 | ||
| Notes: Spindleage (1889) 13,000. Built by Mark Garfitt and others in the 1860s it was taken over by Edmund Whittaker & Sons of Rushbank Mill.There were extensions in 1900, 1912 and 1913 and a connecting link with Rushbank Mill was built in 1922. The sites lie under the Asda store. [2][32] | |||||
| Stockbrook | Chadderton SD906050 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1791 | 1869 | ||
| Notes: An early mill built in 1791 by John Smethurst. It had a 14hp steam engine in 1832 and closed in 1869, the site was later used for the building of Palm Mill. [2][32] | |||||
| Stockfield | P S Stott | Chadderton SD907052 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1862 | Standing | |
| File:Stockfield Mill, Chadderton (geograph 3303209).jpg | Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 120,000 (with Vale). Engine: (1913) Buckley & Taylor. Built by J & T Heginbottom, taken over and extended by William Tylot of Vale Mill. Incorporated in 1897. Extended in 1912 and 1923. [1][2][12] | ||||
| Sun | T. Mitchell | Chadderton SD908052 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1861 | 1986* | 98 |
| Notes: Spindleage: (1915) 157,000. Engine:Scott and Hodgson 2500hp. A cooperative enterprise. Refloated by Limited in 1919.[2][12][34] | |||||
| Swan | E. Potts | Chadderton SD890047 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1875 | Standing | 84 |
| File:Swan Mill, Chadderton - geograph.org.uk - 1157314.jpg | Notes: 1891- Swan Cotton Spinning Co Ltd. Spindleage: (1915) 106,956. Engine:Pollock & McNab 1000hp;Scott & Hodgson 1750. (1912) [2][12][34] | ||||
| Textile | Pott, Pickup & Dixon | Chadderton SD908052 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1882 | 1996 | 45 |
| Notes: Spindleage (1915) 98,436. Engine: Hick, Hargreaves & Co. 1300hp [2][12][34] | |||||
U–Z
[edit | edit source]| Name | Architect | Location | Built | Demolished | Served (Years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United | T Mitchell | Chadderton SD909039 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1874 | 1962 | 85 |
| Notes: 1891-United Spinning Co Ltd. Spindleage: (1915) 95,600 mule, 12,496 ring. Engine: Timothy Bates & Co 1400hp (1902), Pollit & Wigzell 1800hp. [1][2][35] | |||||
| Vale | Stockfield Road, Chadderton Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | c. 1860 | 1964* | ||
| Notes: Built for William Taylor & Brothers who operated the adjacent Stockfield Mill [1][2] | |||||
| Victoria | Drury Lane, Chadderton SD906031 Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | c. 1854 | 1973 | ||
| Notes: Spindleage: (1889) 37000. Built by William Buckley, Taken over by Victoria Mill Co (Hollinwood) Ltd in 1903. Extended in 1940, destroyed by fire but survived by an old weaving shed that has been built around and still operating in 2016. Its current owners formerly occupied Windsor Mill in Failsworth for several decades. [2][35][36] | |||||
| Waverley | Milne St, Chadderton Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | c. 1865 | c. 1900 | ||
| Notes: Spindleage:(1889) 17130 twist. Engine: 1882 Timothy Bates & Co.[2][36] | |||||
| Wren | FW Dixon | Milne St, Chadderton Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. | 1901 | c. 1970 | 36 |
| Notes: Spindleage: 1915 81704. Engine: Buckley & Taylor 1800 hp. Now under ASDA.[2][13] | |||||
See also
[edit | edit source]References
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- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
Notes
- ^ a b c d e Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 53
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl Chadderton Historical Society
- ^ Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 47
- ^ a b Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 48
- ^ a b c Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 49
- ^ a b c Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 50
- ^ Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 51
- ^ Williams & Farnie 1992, p. 192
- ^ a b Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 54
- ^ a b Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 56
- ^ Historic England & 1376626.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Williams & Farnie 1992, p. 193
- ^ a b c d Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 57
- ^ Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 63
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b c Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 64
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 65
- ^ Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 33
- ^ a b c Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 66
- ^ Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 67
- ^ Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 68
- ^ Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 69
- ^ Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 73
- ^ a b c d Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 38
- ^ Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 39
- ^ a b c Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 40
- ^ a b c d Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 41
- ^ Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 42
- ^ a b c Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 43
- ^ Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 44
- ^ a b c d e f Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 20
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b c Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 52
- ^ a b Williams & Farnie 1992, p. 194
- ^ a b Gurr & Hunt 1998, p. 55
Bibliography
- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).