List of Solar System extremes
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This article describes extreme locations of the Solar System. Entries listed in bold are Solar System-wide extremes.
By feature
[edit | edit source]| Record | Data | Feature | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Largest canyon | 4000 km long, 200 km wide | Valles Marineris, Mars | [1] |
| Tallest mountain | 21.9–26 km (13.6–16.2 mi)
25 km (16 mi) |
Olympus Mons, Mars
Unnamed mountain, Máni |
[2][3] |
| Tallest volcano | 25 km (15.5 mi) | Olympus Mons, Mars | [4] |
| Tallest cliff | 20 km (12.4 mi) | Verona Rupes, Miranda, Uranus | [5] |
| Largest impact crater | 2,700 km (1,700 mi) | North Polar Basin, Mars | [6] |
By class
[edit | edit source]| Type | Average density | Average temperature | Average surface gravity | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | |
| Star | 1.4 g/cm3 | 5778 K | 274 m/s2 | |||
| Major planet | 0.7 g/cm3Saturn[12][13] | 5.51 g/cm3 Earth |
73 K | 733 K | 3.70 m/s2 Mercury |
23.1 m/s2 Jupiter |
| Dwarf planet | 1.4 ±0.2 g/cm3 Orcus[20][NB 1] | 2.52 ±0.05 g/cm3 Eris[21] | 30 K | 167 K | ≈0.2 m/s2 Orcus | 0.8 m/s2Eris |
| Major moon of major or dwarf planet [NB 2] | 0.98 g/cm3 Tethys |
3.53 g/cm3 Io [22][23] |
38 K Triton [24] |
250 K Moon [25] |
0.064 m/s2Mimas | 1.796 m/s2Io |
| Type | Escape velocity | Mass | Volume (radius) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | |
| Star | 617.7 km/s Sun |
332,830 MEarth Sun |
695,000 km Sun | |||
| Major planet | 4.3 km/s Mercury [18] |
59.5 km/s Jupiter [18] |
0.055 MEarth Mercury [28] |
318 MEarth Jupiter [26] |
2500 km Mercury [29] |
69911 km Jupiter [28] |
| Dwarf planet | ≈0.43 km/s Orcus |
1.3 km/s Eris |
0.0000916 MEarth Orcus[20][NB 3] |
0.0028 MEarth Eris |
487.3 km Ceres |
1187 km Pluto |
| Major moon of major or dwarf planet [NB 2] | 0.16 km/s Mimas |
2.74 km/s Ganymede |
0.000006 MEarth Mimas |
0.0250 MEarth Ganymede [30] |
198 km Mimas |
2634 km Ganymede [22][30] |
| Extreme characteristic | Major planet | Dwarf planet | Major moon (of a major or dwarf planet) [NB 2] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Densest atmosphere | Venus[NB 4] [31][32] |
Pluto | Titan[31] |
By object
[edit | edit source]| Astronomical body | Elevation (height above/below datum) |
Elevation (height above/below base) |
Surface temperature | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | Highest | Lowest | |
| Sun | N/A | 5,000,000 K In a solar flare |
1240 K In a sunspot | |||
| Mercury | 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) Caloris Montes, northwest Caloris Basin rim mountains |
723 K Dayside of Mercury |
89 K Permanently shaded polar craters | |||
| Venus | 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra |
3 kilometres (1.9 mi) Diana Chasma, Aphrodite Terra |
755 K lowlands of Venus |
644 K Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra | ||
| Earth | 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) Mount Everest, Nepal - Tibet, China |
10,971 metres (35,994 ft) Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean |
10,200 metres (33,500 ft) Mauna Kea, Hawaii, United States of America |
7 kilometres (4.3 mi) Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean |
330 K Furnace Creek Ranch, Death Valley, United States (more info) |
184 K Vostok Station, Antarctica (more info) |
| Mars | 27 kilometres (17 mi) Olympus Mons, Tharsis[44] |
6 kilometres (3.7 mi) Hellas Planitia |
24 kilometres (15 mi) Olympus Mons, Tharsis[48] |
9 kilometres (5.6 mi) Melas Chasma, Valles Marineris |
293 K Martian equator in midsummer day |
120 K Martian poles in the depths of winter night |
| Jupiter | N/A | 152 K | 110 K | |||
| Saturn | N/A | 143 K | 82 K | |||
| Uranus | N/A | 68 K | 59 K | |||
| Neptune | N/A | 53 K [54] |
50 K [54] | |||
| Moon | 10,786 metres (35,387 ft) 5.4125°, 201.3665° [55][56] |
9.06 kilometres (5.63 mi) Antoniadi Crater (-172.58°E, 70.38°S) |
400 K midday on the equator [57] |
26 K Permanently shadowed southwestern edge of the northern polar zone Hermite Crater in winter solstice [57] | ||
| Io | 17.3 kilometres (10.7 mi) Boosaule Montes [58][59] |
|||||
| Europa | 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) conical mountain (34.5N, 169.5W) [60] |
132 K Subsolar temperature [61] |
||||
| Ganymede | 156 K Subsolar temperature [61] |
80 K Nighttime temperature [62] | ||||
| Callisto | 168 K Subsolar temperature [61] |
80 K Predawn nighttime temperature [63] | ||||
| Titan | 2 km (1.2 mi) Mithrim Montes, Xanadu[64] |
|||||
| Mimas | ||||||
| Enceladus | 110 K Tiger Stripes [65] |
|||||
| Tethys | ||||||
| Dione | ||||||
| Rhea | ||||||
| Iapetus | 20 kilometres (12 mi)Voyager Mountains, equatorial ridge and bulge | |||||
| Ariel | ||||||
| Umbriel | ||||||
| Titania | ||||||
| Oberon | ||||||
| Miranda | 20 kilometers (12 mi) | |||||
| Triton | ||||||
| Nereid | ||||||
| Proteus | ||||||
| Charon | ||||||
| Ceres | 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) Ahuna Mons |
235 K | ||||
| Pluto | 3.4 km (2.1 mi) Norgay Montes, Tombaugh Regio[72] |
45 K | 35 K [73] | |||
| Eris | 41 K | 30 K | ||||
| Makemake | ||||||
| Haumea | ||||||
| The bodies included in this table are: (1) planemos; (2) major planets, dwarf planets, or moons of major or dwarf planets, or stars; (3) hydrostatically round so as to be able to provide a geodetic datum line. | ||||||
By distance
[edit | edit source]See also
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- Solar System
- Lists of geological features of the Solar System
- List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System
Notes
[edit | edit source]References
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- ^ Universe Today, "Temperature of the Sun", Fraser Cain, 15 September 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ The Physics Factbook, "Temperature on the Surface of the Sun", Glynise Finney, 1997 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ a b Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, 07.03.03: "Voyage to the Planets" Archived 2016-07-21 at the Wayback Machine, Nicholas R. Perrone, 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ Universe Today, "Density of the Planets", Abbey Cessna, 9 August 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ The Physics Factbook, "Density of Saturn", Meredith Garmisa, 1997 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ Universe Today, "Density of the Earth", Fraser Cain, 10 March 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ The Physics Factbook, "Density of the Earth", Katherine Malfucci, 2000 (accessed 2010-11-06)
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- ^ Universe Today, "Temperature of Neptune", Fraser Cain, 28 November 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ a b c d e Journey Through the Galaxy, "Planets of the Solar System" Archived 2010-11-30 at the Wayback Machine, Stuart Robbins, David McDonald, 14 September 2006 (accessed 2010-11-06)
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- ^ ABC News (USA), "Moon Base Camp Would Offer 'Practice'", Amanda Onion, 12 January 2004 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ a b Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)., pg.2
- ^ a b Views of the Solar System, "Sun", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
- ^ a b Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)., pg.6
- ^ Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)., pg.4
- ^ a b the neighborhood, "g alilean moons of jupiter" Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine, Raymond Harris, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ a b Johns Hopkins University Press, "Alien Volcanoes", Michael Carroll, Rosaly Lopes, Fall 2007 (accessed 2010-11-20)
- ^ University of Massachusetts; Department of Astronomy, "The Terrestrial Planets - Quiz 8", T. Arny (accessed 2010-11-21)
- ^ Goddard Space Flight Center, "What is a Solar Flare?", Gordon Holman, Sarah Benedict, 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ Serbian Astronomical Journal, "On the Effective Temperature of Sunspot Umbrae using Beryllium Hydride Isotopomer Lines", Sangeetha, R.; Sriramachandran, P.; Bagare, S. P.; Rajamanickam, N.; Shanmugavel, R., vol. 179, pp. 95-99, December 2009, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)., Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Icarus, "The morphology of Mercury's Caloris basin as seen in MESSENGER stereo topographic models", Oberst, Jürgen; Preusker, Frank; Phillips, Roger J.; et al., Volume 209, Issue 1, p. 230-238, September 2010, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)., Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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- ^ a b c Mohawk Valley Astronomical Society, "Planetary Personalities, Part 1 of 3: The Inner Planets", Perry Pezzolanella, February 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ Astronomy Magazine, "Astronomy for Kids: Venus" (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ NRAO, "Venusian Mountain Maxwell Montes" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ NOAA, "Venus Topography and Shaded Relief" Archived 2012-03-14 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ a b National Academy Press, "Physics Through the 1990s: Scientific Interfaces and Technological Applications", National Research Council, 1986, pp.100, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Internet Encyclopedia of Science, "Venus", David Darling (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ a b c Universe Today, "Tallest Mountain", Abbey Cessna, 30 November 2009 (accessed 2010-11-05)
- ^ Universe Today, "Deepest Point On Earth" Archived 2012-12-25 at the Wayback Machine, John Carl Villanueva, 3 September 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ Earlham College, Geosciences 211: Physical Geology (2003), "Marianas Trench", Ruairi K. Rhodes, 2003 (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ The Physics Factbook, "Altitude of the Lowest Point on Mars", Allison Chin, 2003 (accessed 2010-11-05)
- ^ Hawaiian Encyclopedia, "The Hawaiian-Emperor Chain", Daniel Harrington, Mutual Publishing (accessed 2010-11-06)
- ^ Universe Today, "Melas Chasma: The Deepest Abyss on Mars", Nancy Atkinson, 8 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
- ^ a b NASA Quest, "Mars Facts" Archived 2013-06-07 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Jupiter" Archived 2010-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
- ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Saturn" Archived 2010-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
- ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Uranus" Archived 2010-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
- ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Neptune" Archived 2010-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
- ^ The Register, "Highest point on the Moon found: Higher than Mount Everest", Lewis Page, 29 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
- ^ Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, "Highest Point on the Moon!" Archived 2012-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, Mark Robinson, 26 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
- ^ a b BBC News, "'Coldest place' found on the Moon", Jonathan Amos, 16 December 2009 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ Springer-Praxis, "Io After Galileo", Rosaly M. C. Lopes, John Robert Spencer, 2007, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)., pp.110
- ^ Cambridge University Press, 'Planetary Tectonics', "Tectonics of the outer planet satellites", Paul M. Schenk et al., 2009, `ed. Thomas R. Watters, Richard A. Schultz`, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)., pp.289
- ^ Icarus, "Europa: Initial Galileo Geological Observations", Greeley, Ronald; Sullivan, Robert; Klemaszewski, James;, Volume 135, pp. 4-24, September 1998, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)., Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b c Astrophysical Journal, "Callisto: New Insights from Galileo Disk-resolved UV Measurements", Hendrix, Amanda R.; Johnson, Robert E., Volume 687, Issue 1, pp. 706-713, November 2008, Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)., Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ OuterSpaceSite.com, "Jupiter's Moon Ganymede" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-22)
- ^ "17 Callisto" Archived 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Machine, Jeffrey M. Moore et al. (accessed 2010-11-25)
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- ^ Views of the Solar System, "Saturn II - Enceladus", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-28)
- ^ Solar System Exploration, "The Mountains of Saturn's Mysterious Moon Iapetus" Archived 2015-10-04 at the Wayback Machine, NASA, 16 October 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ JPL, Cassini Solstice Mission, "Iapetus" Archived 2015-03-26 at the Wayback Machine, NASA (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ itWire, "Ridge on Saturn moon Iapetus was hard nut to crack", William Atkins, 23 July 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Views of the Solar System, "Dwarf Planet Ceres", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-27)
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b Enchanted Learning Software, "Pluto", 2010 (accessed 2010-11-27)
- ^ a b Memphis Archaeological and Geological Society, "Eris: dwarf planet larger than Pluto", Mike Baldwin, 11 November 2006 (accessed 2010-11-27)
External links
[edit | edit source]- Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, 07.03.03: "Voyage to the Planets" by Nicholas R. Perrone, 2007 (accessed November 2010)
- Journey Through the Galaxy: "Planets of the Solar System" by Stuart Robbins and David McDonald, 2006 (accessed November 2010)
- The Nine Planets, "Appendix 2: Solar System Extrema" by Bill Arnett, 2007 (accessed November 2010)
- EnchantedLearning.com, "Solar System Extremes", 2010 (accessed November 2010)