Eastern Indo-Aryan languages

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Eastern Indo-Aryan
Magadhan
Geographic
distribution		Eastern India, Bangladesh, southern Nepal
Linguistic classificationIndo-European
Early forms
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologindo1323  (Indo-Aryan Eastern zone)
biha1245  (Bihari)
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Major Indo-Aryan languages of South Asia;
  Bengali-Assamese
  Bihari
  Odia
  Halbic

The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, also known as Māgadhan languages, are spoken throughout the eastern region of the Indian subcontinent, which includes Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bengal region, Tripura, Assam, and Odisha; alongside other regions surrounding the northeastern Himalayan corridor. Bengali is official language of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal, Tripura and the Barak Valley of Assam while Assamese and Odia are the official languages of Assam and Odisha, respectively. The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages descend from Abahattha, which descends from Magadhan Apabhraṃśa[1] and ultimately from Magadhi Prakrit.[2][3][1]

Classification

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Further information: Indo-Aryan languages § Classification

The exact scope of the Eastern branch of the Indo-Aryan languages is controversial. All scholars agree about a kernel that includes the Odia cluster and the Bengali–Assamese languages, while many also include the Bihari languages. The widest scope was proposed by Suniti Kumar Chatterji who included the Eastern Hindi varieties, but this has not been widely accepted.[4]

When the Bihari languages are included, the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages fall into four language groups in two broader categories:[citation needed]

Western Magadhan

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Eastern Magadhan

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Features

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Grammatical features of the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages:[5]

Case Bengali Assamese Odia Rajbangshi Surjapuri Maithili Bhojpuri Tharu Sylheti
Instrumental -t̪e, -ke d̪ie -e, -er-e, di, -e-di -e, -re, -d̪ei -d̪i sɛ -e,e˜, sə˜, d̪ea le, leka -re, di
Dative -ke, -re -k, -ɒk -ku -k, -ɔk -k, -ɔk -ke˜ -ke -hənə -gu, -gur
Ablative -t̪ʰeke -pɒra -u, -ru, -ʈʰaru, -ʈʰiru -hat̪ɛ, t̪ʰaki -sɛ -sə˜, -k -karəne se -lagi, -tône
Genitive -r, -er -r, -ɒr -rɔ -r, -ɛr -r, -ɛr -ker (-k) -kæ -ək -r, -ôr
Locative -e, -t̪e -t, -ɒt -re -t̪, -ɔt̪ -t̪, -ɔt̪ e, me, -hi, -tə -mə -t, -ô

Eastern Indo-Aryan languages display many morphosyntactic features similar to those of Munda languages, while western Indo-Aryan languages do not. It is suggested that "pre-Munda" ("proto-" in regular terminology) languages may have once dominated the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain, and were then absorbed by Indo-Aryan languages at an early date as Indo-Aryan spread east.[6][7]

References

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  1. ^ a b Ray, Tapas S. (2007). "Chapter Eleven: "Oriya". In Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 445. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
  2. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ^ South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, By Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills, Routledge, 2003, p. 203
  4. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  5. ^ (Toulmin 2006:148)
  6. ^ Peterson, John (2017). "The prehistorical spread of Austro-Asiatic in South Asia Archived 11 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine". Presented at ICAAL 7, Kiel, Germany.
  7. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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