Indus Kohistani
| Kohistani (Indus Kohistani) | |
|---|---|
| Kostaie | |
| کوستَیں Kōstaiñ | |
| File:Kostai in Nastaliq.png | |
| Region | Indus Kohistan (Upper Kohistan, Lower Kohistan, Kolai-Palas districts as well as Tangir and Darel valleys)[1] |
| Ethnicity | Indus Kohistanis |
Native speakers | (200,000 cited 1992)[2] |
Indo-European
| |
| Perso-Arabic script (Nastaliq) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mvy |
| Glottolog | indu1241 |
| ELP | Lua error in Module:Endangered_Languages_Project at line 21: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
| File:Minor languages of Pakistan as of the 1998 census.png Kohistani is a minor language of Pakistan which is mainly spoken in the Kohistan region, it is given a space in this map. | |
Indus Kohistani or simply Kohistani (کوستَیں ژیب, Kōstaiñ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the former Kohistan District of Pakistan.[3] The language was referred to as Maiyã (Mayon) or Shuthun by early researchers, but subsequent observations have not verified that these names are known locally.[4]
Phonology
[edit | edit source]The phonology of Indus Kohistani varies between its major dialects as shown below.[5]
Vowels
[edit | edit source]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː | |
| Mid | e eː | o oː | |
| Open | a aː |
In the Kanyawali dialect, the back vowels /u/ and /o/ are described as variants of each other, as are the front vowels /i/ and /e/.
Consonants
[edit | edit source]
The consonant inventory of Indus Kohistani is shown in the chart below. (Consonants particular to the Kanyawali Dialect of Tangir and those found only in the Kohistan Dialects are color-coded respectively.)
| Labial | Coronal | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | Voiced | m | n | ɳ | ||||
| Breathy Voiced | (mʱ) | |||||||
| Stop | Voiceless | p | t | ʈ | k | (q) | ||
| Aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | ||||
| Voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɡ | ||||
| Breathy Voiced | bʱ | dʱ | ɖʱ | ɡʱ | ||||
| Affricate | Voiceless | ts | tʂ | tʃ | ||||
| Aspirated | tsʰ | tʃʰ | ||||||
| Voiced | dʒ | |||||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | f | s | ʂ | ʃ | x | h | |
| Voiced | v | z | ʐ | ʒ | ɣ | |||
| Lateral | l | |||||||
| Rhotic | Voiced | r | ɽ | |||||
| Breathy Voiced | rʱ | ɽʱ | ||||||
| Semivowel | j | w | ||||||
The phonemes /x/, /ɣ/, and /q/ are mainly found in loan words. The status of /q/ in the Kanyawali Dialect is unclear. The sounds /f, v/ can also be bilabial [ɸ, β].[6]
See also
[edit | edit source]References
[edit | edit source]- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Kohistani (Indus Kohistani) at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Zoller 2005, p. 2.
- ^ Edelman 1983, pp. 246, 253.
- ^ Zoller 2005, p. 36.
Bibliography
[edit | edit source]- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
Lua error in Module:Authority_control at line 153: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).