Kickapoo language

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Kickapoo
Metotheeneniaatoweeheni[1]
Native toUnited States, Mexico
EthnicityKickapoo people
Native speakers
1,043 Kickapoo in the US (2017–2021)[2]
60 Kickapoo in Mexico (2020 census)[3]
Dialects
  • monolingual dialect (Peekaatowaakani)[1]
  • Oklahoma dialect
  • Mexican/Texan dialect
Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3kic
Glottologkick1244
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File:Grupo Kikapú en Coahuila México.jpg
Kickapoo people building a winter house in the town of Nacimiento Coahuila, Mexico, 2008

Kickapoo (endonym: Metotheeneniaatoweeheni)[1] is either a dialect of the Fox language or a closely related language, closely related to, and mutually intelligible with, the dialects spoken by the Sauk people and Meskwaki people. Their language is included in the Central Algonquian languages subgroup of the Algonquian languages family, itself a member of the Algic languages family.

In 1985, the Kickapoo Nation's School in Horton, Kansas, began a language-immersion program for elementary school grades to revive teaching and use of the Kickapoo language in kindergarten through grade 6.[4] Efforts in language education continue at most Kickapoo sites.

In 2010, the Head Start Program at the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas reservation, which teaches the Kickapoo language, became "the first Native American school to earn Texas School Ready! (TSR) Project certification."[5] Despite these efforts, there are no children who are first-language users of Kickapoo, as they choose to speak English instead.[1]

Also in 2010, Mexico's Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia participated in the elaboration of a Kickapoo alphabet.[6] The Kickapoo in Mexico are known for their whistled speech.

Texts,[7] recordings,[8] and a vocabulary[9] of the language are available.

The Kickapoo language and members of the Kickapoo tribe were featured in the movie The Only Good Indian (2009), directed by Greg Wilmott and starring Wes Studi. This was a fictionalized account of Native American children forced to attend an Indian boarding school, where they were forced to speak English and give up their cultural practices.[10]

Sounds

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Consonants

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Eleven consonant phonemes are used in Kickapoo:

Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar/
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
Stop p t tʃ k
Fricative θ s h
Nasal m n
Approximant j w
  • The voiceless sounds can sometimes be voiced as [b, d, dʒ, ɡ, ð, z].
  • /p/ in word-initial position can also be aspirated as [pʰ].
  • /tʃ/ can also be pronounced as [ts].[11]
  • Glides /w, j/ may also be heard as non-syllabic vowels [o̯, i̯].[12]
  • /w/ can be pronounced as [ʔ] in fast speech.[1]

Vowels

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The eight vowel sounds in Kickapoo are: short /a, ɛ, i, o/ and long /aː, ɛː, iː, oː/.[12]

  • Sounds /a, ɛ, i, o/, can also be phonetically heard as allophones [ə, ɛ~e, ɪ, ʊ~o] and /aː, ɛː, iː, oː/ can be heard as [äː, æː, iː, ɔː].[1]

Writing system

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A Kickapoo alphabet was developed by Paul Voorhis in 1974 and was revised in 1981.[13] A new orthography is used by the Kickapoo Language Development Program in Oklahoma.[14]

Kickapoo alphabet (Kickapoo Language Development Program)[14]
Letter a aa ch e ee h i ii k m n o oo p s t th w y
Pronunciation ə ɑ tʃ e æ h ɪ i k m n o ɔ p s t θ w j

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  2. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ^ Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020 Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.
  4. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  5. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  6. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  7. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  8. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  9. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  10. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  11. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  12. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  13. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  14. ^ a b Bluecloud 2020, p. 17-24.


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