Judith River Formation

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Judith River Formation
Stratigraphic range: Campanian, 79โ€“75.3 Ma
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Judith River Formation, Upper Missouri Breaks National Monument
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofMontana Group
Sub-unitsParkman Sandstone Member, McClelland Ferry Member, Coal Ridge Member, Woodhawk Member
UnderliesBearpaw Formation
OverliesClaggett Formation, Pakowki Formation
Thicknessmax 360 meters (1,180 ft)[1]
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone and sandstone
Location
RegionAlberta, Montana, South Dakota, Saskatchewan, Wyoming
CountryCanada, United States
Type section
Named forJudith River near the confluence with the Missouri River
Named byF.V. Hayden, 1871;[2] F.B. Meek, 1876.[3]

The Judith River Formation is a fossil-bearing geologic formation in Montana, and is part of the Montana Group. It dates to the Late Cretaceous, between 79 and 75.3 million years ago,[4] corresponding to the "Judithian" land vertebrate age. It was laid down during the same time period as portions of the Two Medicine Formation of Montana[5] and the Oldman Formation of Alberta.[6] It is an historically important formation, explored by early American paleontologists such as Edward Drinker Cope, who named several dinosaurs from scrappy remains found here on his 1876 expedition (such as Monoclonius). Modern work has found nearly complete skeletons of the hadrosaurid Brachylophosaurus.

Lithology

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The Judith River Formation is composed of mudstone, siltstone and sandstone.[1] Coal beds, bentonite and coquinas are also observed.

File:Judith River Formation Exposure.png
Surface exposures of the Judith River Formation from the USGS, map courtesy of OpenStreetMap.
File:Judith River Formation exposure-2.jpg
Judith River Formation, Upper Missouri Breaks National Monument

Relationship with other units

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The Judith River Formation conformably overlies the Claggett Formation and Pakowki Formation. It is overlain by the Bearpaw Formation.[1] It is equivalent to the Belly River Formation in the southern Canadian Rockies foothills, the Lea Park Formation in central Alberta and the Wapiti Formation in the northwestern plains.

Sub-divisions

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File:Judith River Formation, Upper Missouri Breaks National Monument.jpg
Missouri River carved through the Judith River Formation, Upper Missouri Breaks National Monument

The Judith River Formation is divided into four members, the Parkman Sandstone Member, the McClelland Ferry Member, the Coal Ridge member, and the Woodhawk Member.[7] The McClelland Ferry Member (78.7-76.3 Ma) is believed to be equivalent to the Oldman Formation, with the Coal Ridge Member (76.3-75.3 Ma) equivalent to the Dinosaur Park Formation.[4]

Fauna

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File:Judith River Fauna.jpg
Dinosaurs of Judith River Formation

Faunal list follows a review published by Ashok Sahni in 1972 unless otherwise noted.[8]

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Amphibians

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There are three potential species of discoglossid frogs. Hip bones, possibly representing a North American member of the European spadefoot toad family are also known from the formation.

Amphibians of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images

Habrosaurus

H. dilatus

A siren

Lisserpeton

L. bairdi

A scapherpetonid salamander

Nezpercius[9] N. dodsoni Clambank Hollow A frog known from a partial illium.

Opisthotriton

O. kayi

A possible lungless salamander

Prodesmodon

P. copei

A lungless salamander

Scapherpeton

S. tectum

A scapherpetonid salamander

Fish

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Bony fish

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Bony fishes of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Arotus A. hieroglyphus A holostean.[10]
Belonostomus Belonostomus longirostris An aspidorhynchiform.
File:Priscosturion front lateral.jpg
The holotype of Priscosturion, MOR 1184
Cyclurus C. fragosus A bowfin.[11]
Lepisosteus L. occidentalis Scales[12] A gar.
?Paralbula ?P. sp. A bonefish.
Priscosturion P. longipinnis McClelland Ferry[13] Upper Campanian[13] A sturgeon.
Psammorhynchus P. longipinnis McClelland Ferry[13] Upper Campanian[13] Preoccupied name, renamed Priscosturion.[14]
Polyodontidae Indeterminate A paddlefish. Known remains exceeded size of Chinese paddlefish, total length would exceed 2 metres (6.6 ft).[15]


Cartilaginous fish

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Cartilaginous fishes of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images

Myledaphus

M. bipartitus

A stingray.

Cretalamna C. sp Montana An Otodontid shark
Carcharias Carcharias sp. A sand tiger shark
Squalicorax S.kaupi An Anacoracid shark

Plesiosaurs

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Plesiosaurs of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images

Plesiosauria[16]

Plesiosauria indet.

Pterosaurs

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Pterosaurs of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images

?Quetzalcoatlus[17]

Hidden Valley Quarry
Pterosauria indet JDM Quarry McClelland Ferry[18]
File:Judith Pterosaur.jpg
A pterosaur metacarpal from the JDM quarry

Choristoderes

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Choristoderes of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images

Champsosaurus

C. sp.

File:Champsosaurus BW.jpg
Champsosaurus

Crocodilians

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Crocodilians of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images

Brachychampsa

B. montana

An alligatorid.
File:Brachychampsa NT small.jpg
Brachychampsa

Leidyosuchus

L. canadensis

An alligatoroid.
Deinosuchus D. hatcheri[19] Two giant dorsal vertebrae and a number of osteoderms. An enormous alligatoroid.
File:Deinosuchus hatcheri.png
Deinosuchus

Lizards

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Lizards of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images

Chamops

C. segnis

A whiptail.

Exostinus

E. lancensis

A knob-scaled lizard.

Leptochamops

L. denticulatus

A whiptail.

Paraderma

P. bogerti

A parasaniwid.

Parasaniwa

P. wyomingensis

A parasaniwid.

Ornithischians

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Ankylosaurs

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Ankylosaurs reported from the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images
Edmontonia E. longiceps Isolated teeth[20] A nodosaurid.
File:Edmontonia dinosaur.png
Edmontonia
Zuul Z. crurivastator middle Coal Ridge Cranial and postcranial skeletal remains and soft tissue, type specimen An ankylosaurid.
File:Zuul.jpg
Zuul

Hadrosaurs

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Hadrosaurs reported from the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images

Brachylophosaurus

B. canadensis

middle McClelland Ferry

A hadrosaurid which was one of the more common dinosaurs in the area.[21]

File:Brachylophosaurus NT.png
Brachylophosaurus
Corythosaurus C. sp.[22] middle Coal Ridge two partial skeletons A lambeosaurine hadrosaurid

Diclonius

D. calamarius

"Teeth."[23]

Nomen dubium

D. pentagonius

"Fragmentary dentary with teeth,"[23] type specimen

A dubious hadrosaurid

D. perengulatus

"Teeth."[23]

Nomen dubium

Hadrosaurus

H. paucidens

Reclassified as Lambeosaurus? paucidens

?"Kritosaurus"

?"K." breviceps

A dubious hadrosaurid

?Lambeosaurus

?L. paucidens

"Squamosal, maxilla."[23]

Nomen dubium. An indeterminate lambeosaurine.[24]

Paleoscincus

P. costatus

"Tooth,"[12] type specimen

A dubious ankylosaur

Probrachylophosaurus

P. bergei

lower McClelland Ferry

A brachylophosaurin hadrosaur

File:Probrachylophosaurus skull.jpg
Skull of the holotype

Pteropelyx

P. grallipes

"Skeleton lacking skull."[25]

A dubious hadrosaurid

Trachodon

T. mirabilis

Isolated teeth, type specimen[12]

A dubious hadrosaurid

Marginocephalians

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Ceratopsians
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Ceratopsians reported from the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images

Albertaceratops

A. nesmoi[26]

Reclassified as Medusaceratops lokii

Avaceratops

A. lammersi[26]

lower McClelland Ferry

"[Two] partial skulls, skeleton, juvenile,"[27] type specimen

A ceratopsid

File:Avaceratops dinosaur.png
Avaceratops

Ceratops

C. montanus

"occipital condyle, paired horn cores,"[28] type specimen

A dubious ceratopsid

Chasmosaurinae gen. et sp. nov. A mostly complete skull MOR 11940, An unnamed Chasmosaur housed at the Museum of the Rockies.
File:Unnamed Judith Chasmosaur Lateral.jpg
The skull of the new Chasmosaurine in lateral (side view).

Dysganus

D. bicarinatus

"Isolated teeth."[28]

Nomen dubium

D. encaustus

"Single tooth and [five] tooth fragments."[23] "Isolated teeth."[28]

Nomen dubium

D. haydenianus

"Isolated teeth."[28]

Nomen dubium

D. peiganus

"Tooth."[28]

Nomen dubium

Furcatoceratops F. elucidans Fergus County, Montana[29] Upper Coal Ridge[29] Nearly complete subadult skeleton.[29] A ceratopsid
File:Furcatoceratops TD.png
Furcatoceratops

Judiceratops[30]

J. tigris[30]

lower McClelland Ferry

A ceratopsid

File:Judiceratops NT small.jpg
Judiceratops

Lokiceratops

L. rangiformis[31]

Kennedy Coulee lower McClelland Ferry Disarticulated, associated skeleton including most of the skull and fragmentary postcrania[31]

A ceratopsid

File:Lokiceratops rangiformis.png
Lokiceratops

Medusaceratops

M. lokii[32]

lower McClelland Ferry

Bonebed[32]

A ceratopsid

File:Medusaceratops NT.jpg
Medusaceratops

Mercuriceratops

M. gemini[33]

lower Coal Ridge

"one apomorphic squamosal"[33]

A ceratopsid

File:Mercuriceratops NT small.jpg
Mercuriceratops

Monoclonius

M. crassus[26]

lower Coal Ridge

"[Five] skulls, [one] complete."[27] Type specimen

A dubious ceratopsid

Spiclypeus S. shipporum McClelland Ferry[34] Partial skull, vertebrae, ribs, humerus, ilium, femur, tibia, and fibula. A ceratopsid
File:Spiclypeus NT small.jpg
Spiclypeus
Pachycephalosaurs
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Pachycephalosaurs reported from the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images
Colepiocephale C. lambei[35] Kennedy Coulee lower McClelland Ferry "nearly complete frontoparietal dome" A pachycephalosaurid closely related to Stegoceras.
File:Colepiocephale updating version.JPG
Colepiocephale
Hanssuesia H. sternbergi A pachycephalosaurid. Also present in the Dinosaur Park and Oldman Formations. Possible synonym of Stegoceras.
File:Hanssuesia sternbergi.jpg
Hanssuesia

Theropods

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Dromaeosaurs

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Dromeosaurs reported from the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Dromaeosaurus

D. albertensis

Ox Hill Quarry, Careless Creek Quarry, Hidden Valley Quarry & Blackbird Ridge Quarry.[36] lower McClelland Ferry

Teeth[36]

A dromaeosaurid, also found in the Dinosaur Park Formation

File:Dromaeosaurus Restoration.png
Dromaeosaurus

D. explanatus

"Tooth."[37]

Possible relative of Saurornitholestes

D. laevifrons

"Tooth."[37]

Possible relative of Saurornitholestes

Saurornitholestes S. langstoni Careless Creek, Emily's Ankle, Top Cat, Hidden Valley & Blackbird Ridge quarries.[36] Lower McClelland Ferry Numerous teeth[36] A dromaeosaurid
File:Saurornitholestes digging Burrows wahweap.jpg
Saurornitholestes

Zapsalis[38]

Z. abradens

"Teeth,"[37] type specimen

A dromaeosaurid

Troodonts

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Troodonts reported from the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Theropod "A" Antelope Head, Careless Creek, Emily's Ankle, Top Cat, Hidden Valley, Blackbird Ridge & Jensen Ranch quarries.[36] 28 teeth[36] Teeth of a large theropod distinct from those of tyrannosaurids

Troodon

T. formosus

Antelope Head, Careless Creek, Emily's Ankle, Top Cat & Hidden Valley quarries.[36]

Teeth (type specimen),[12][36] egg

A troodontid, possibly dubious.

File:Troodon formosus (feathers).JPG
Troodon

Tyrannosaurs

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Tyrannosaurs reported from the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Aublysodon

A. lateralis

"Isolated teeth,"[39][40] type specimen

Junior synonym of Deinodon horridus[8]

A. mirandus

Teeth, type specimen

Possible junior synonym of Deinodon horridus[8]

Daspletosaurus D. torosus Coal Ridge Maxilla[41] A large tyrannosaurid.
File:Daspletosaurus wilsoni profile.png
Daspletosaurus
D. wilsoni[42] Jack's B2 lower Coal Ridge[43] Partial skull, cervical, sacral, and caudal vertebrae, and a rib, chevron, and first metatarsal Originally considered to be a transitional species between D. torosus and D. horneri, though the validity of this claim has been questioned [44]
D. sp. Coal Ridge[44] Partial skeleton[45] Not referrable to D. torosus[43]

Deinodon

D. falculus

Teeth

Isolated tyrannosaur teeth classified in the dubious genus Deinodon

D. hazenianus

Teeth

Junior synonym of Deinodon horridus[8]

D. horridus

"Teeth,"[12] type specimen

Isolated tyrannosaur teeth that formed the basis of the dubious genus Deinodon

D. incrassatus

Teeth

Junior synonym of Deinodon horridus[8]

D. lateralis

Junior synonym of Deinodon horridus[8]

Gorgosaurus G. libratus Postorbital[41] A large tyrannosaurid, also found in the Dinosaur Park Formation and possibly the Two Medicine Formation.
File:Gorgosaurus flipped.png
Gorgosaurus
?Tyrannosaurus T. sp. Fergus County A Lacrimal Found alongside a specimen of Deinosuchus,[46] but may not be from the Judith River Formation[47]

Other theropods

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Theropods reported from the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Hesperornis

H. altus

Partial tibiotarsus

One of the only known freshwater occurrences of a hesperornithid.[48]

File:Hesperornis BW (white background).jpg
Hesperornis

Ornithomimus

O. tenuis

"Fragmentary metatarsal."[49]

A possible troodontid or juvenile tyrannosaurid

Ornithomimosauria indet.[50] Indeterminate Coal Ridge Member A left and right dentary A large ornithomimosaur with potential affinities to the Deinocheiridae
File:JudithDeinoSkullWiki.png
Skull reconstruction of the possible Judith River deinocheirid

Paronychodon

P. lacustris

Teeth, type specimen

An indeterminate maniraptoran, also found in the Dinosaur Park, Milk River, and Kirtland Formations

Richardoestesia R. gilmorei Careless Creek, Emily's Ankle, Hidden Valley & Blackbird Ridge quarries.[36] 12 teeth[36] A coelurosaur

Turtles

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Turtles of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Adocus[51] A. sp.
Aspideretoides[51] A. sp
Aspideretoides[51] A. foveatus
Axestemys[51] A. spledidus
Basilemys[51] B. sp.

A Mesoamerican river turtle.

Boremys[51] B. sp
Boremys[51] B. pulchra
Chelydridae[51] indet.
Neuankylus[51] N. sp.
Neuankylus[51] N. eximius
Plesiobaena[51] P. antiqua

Flora

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All the flora stated below is pulled from the PBDB.[52][53][54][55]

Ferns

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Ferns of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Azollopsis A. coccoides Montana

Azolla

A. simplex

Montana
Biretisporites B. deltoideus Montana
Baculatisporites B. sp Montana
Cyathidites C. sp Montana
Deltoidospora D. diaphana Montana
Echinatisporis E. sp Montana
Laevigatosporites L. haardtii Montana
Todisporites T. dubius Montana

Gymnosperms

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Cycadophyta

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Ferns of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Cycadopites C. fragilis Montana

Conifers

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Ferns of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Araucariales Indeterminate Montana

Pityosporites

P. constrictus

Montana
Taxodiaceaepollenites T. hiatus Montana

Angiosperms

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Ferns of the Judith River Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Scabrastephanocolpites S. lepidus Montana

Monosulcites

M. riparius

Montana
Tubulifloridites T. aedicula Montana
Erdtmanipollis E. procumbentiformis Montana
Liliacidites L. sp. Montana

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  2. ^ Hayden, F.V., 1871. Geology of the Missouri Valley: Preliminary report (4th annual) of the Geol. Surv. of Wyoming and portions of contiguous territories.
  3. ^ Meek, Fielding Bradford, 1876. A report on the invertebrate Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils of the upper Missouri country, Hayden, F.V., Geologist in Charge; United States Geologic and Geographic Survey of the Territories, vol. 9, page 629
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  5. ^ Sullivan, R.M. and Lucas, S. G. (2006). "The Kirtlandian land-vertebrate "age"โ€“faunal composition, temporal position and biostratigraphic correlation in the nonmarine Upper Cretaceous of western North America." Pp. 7-29 in Lucas, S. G. and Sullivan, R.M. (eds.), Late Cretaceous vertebrates from the Western Interior. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 35.
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  8. ^ a b c d e f Sahni, A. (1972). "The vertebrate fauna of the Judith River Formation, Montana." Bulletin of the AMNH, v. 147 article 6: 321-415.
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  25. ^ "Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 443.
  26. ^ a b c Ryan and Evans, 2005
  27. ^ a b "Table 23.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 495.
  28. ^ a b c d e "Table 23.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 496.
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  32. ^ a b Ryan, Michael J.; Russell, Anthony P., and Hartman, Scott. (2010). "A New Chasmosaurine Ceratopsid from the Judith River Formation, Montana", In: Michael J. Ryan, Brenda J. Chinnery-Allgeier, and David A. Eberth (eds), New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium, Indiana University Press, 656 pp. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
  33. ^ a b Ryan, Michael J.; Evans, David C.; Currie, Phillip J.; Loewen, Mark A. (2014). "A New chasmosaurine from northern Laramidia expands frill disparity in ceratopsid dinosaurs". Naturwissenschaften. doi:10.1007/s00114-014-1183-1
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  38. ^ Larson, D. W.; Currie, P. J. (2013). "Multivariate Analyses of Small Theropod Dinosaur Teeth and Implications for Paleoecological Turnover through Time". In Evans, Alistair Robert. PLoS ONE 8: e54329. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054329. edit
  39. ^ "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 78.
  40. ^ "Table 5.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 114.
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  48. ^ Fox, R.C. (1974). "A middle Campanian, nonmarine occurrence of the Cretaceous toothed bird Hesperornis Marsh." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 11: 1335-1338.
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