Turrbal language

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Turrbal
Yagara
Native toAustralia
RegionQueensland
EthnicityTurrbal
Language codes
ISO 639-3yxg
Glottologyaga1256  Yagara-Jandai
AIATSIS[1]E86 Turubul, E23 Jagara
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Turrbal is an Aboriginal Australian language of the Turrbal people of the Brisbane area of Queensland.

Alternate spellings include Turubul, Turrubal, Turrabul, Toorbal, and Tarabul.[2][3]

Classification

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The four dialects listed in Dixon (2002)[4] are sometimes seen as separate Durubalic languages, especially Jandai and Nunukul; Yagara, Yugarabul, and Turrbul proper are more likely to be considered dialects.[1][5][6] Turrbal (E86) has been variously classified as a language, group of languages or as a dialect of another language.[1] F. J. Watson classifies Turrbal (E86) as a sub group of Yugarabul E66, which is most likely the language Yagara E23.[7] Norman Tindale uses the term Turrbal (E86) to refers to speakers of the language of Yagara E23.[8] John Steele classifies Turrbal (E86) as a language within the Yagara language group.[9] R. M. W. Dixon classifies Turrbal as a dialect of the language of Yagera, in the technical linguistic sense where mutually intelligible dialects are deemed to belong to a single language.[10] Bowern considers Turrbal to be one of five languages of the "Turubulic" language group, the others being Nunukul, Yaraga, Janday and Guwar.[11]

Phonology

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Consonants

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Peripheral Laminal Apical
Labial Velar Palatal Alveolar
Plosive b ɡ ɟ d
Nasal m ŋ ɲ n
Rhotic r
Lateral l
Approximant w j
  • Stop sounds may also be heard as voiceless [p, t, c, k].

Vowels

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Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a
  • Vowel length is also distinctive.
  • A lax /a/ can also be heard as [ə].[12][13][14]

Vocabulary

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Some words from the Turrbal / Yagara language include:[15][16][17][18]

  • Bigi: sun
  • Binung: ear
  • Bugwal: wallaby
  • Buneen: echidna
  • Bangil / bungil: grass
  • Buhn: knee
  • Buyu: shin
  • Deear : teeth
  • Dhagun: land
  • Dhambur : mouth
  • Dharang: leg
  • Dhiggeri: belly / stomach
  • Dinna: foot
  • Dyrrbin: bone
  • Gahm: head
  • Giga: shoulder
  • Gurumba bigi: good day
  • Gujah / guttah: snake
  • Gagarr / guyurr: fish
  • Juhrram: rain
  • Juwahduwan / juwahnduwan / juwanbinl: bird(s)
  • Killen: finger
  • Kundul: canoe
  • Marra: hand
  • Dumbirrbi / marrambi: koala
  • Mil: eye / eyes
  • Guruman / murri: kangaroo
  • Muru: nose
  • Nammul: children
  • Nggurrun: neck
  • Ngumbi: home / camp
  • Tahbil: water (fresh)
  • Towan: fish
  • Tullei: tree
  • Waiyebba: arm
  • Wunya: welcome / greetings
  • Yilam: forehead

The literary journal Meanjin takes its name from the Turrbal name for the land centred at Gardens Point on which Brisbane was founded.[19] This name is sometimes used for the greater Brisbane area.[20][21]

Loanword yakka

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The Australian English word yakka, an informal term referring to any work, especially of strenuous kind, comes from a Yagara word yaga, the verb for 'work'.[22][23]

References

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  1. ^ a b c E86 Turubul at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies  (see the info box for additional links)
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  3. ^ The Turrbal Association (an incorporated Turrbal association that offers cultural services) uses the spelling "Turrbal" in preference to other spellings.
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  15. ^ CC-BY license icon This Wikipedia article incorporates text from Turrubul published by the State Library of Queensland under CC BY licence, accessed on 14 June 2022.
  16. ^ CC-BY license icon This Wikipedia article incorporates text from Jagara published by the State Library of Queensland under CC BY licence, accessed on 14 June 2022.
  17. ^ CC-BY license icon This Wikipedia article incorporates text from Yugarabul published by the State Library of Queensland under CC BY licence, accessed on 14 June 2022.
  18. ^ CC-BY license icon This Wikipedia article incorporates text from Yuggera published by the State Library of Queensland under CC BY licence, accessed on 14 June 2022.
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Further reading

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