Issam Zahreddine

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Issam Zahreddine
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Republican Guard General Issam Zahreddine
Native name
عصام زهر الدين‎
Nickname"Lion of the Republican Guard"[1]
Born(1961-09-09)9 September 1961
Tarba, As-Suwayda, United Arab Republic
(present-day Syria)
Died18 October 2017(2017-10-18) (aged 56)
Hawijat Saqr, Deir ez-Zor, Syria
Buried
As-Suwayda[2]
AllegianceFile:Flag of the United Arab Republic (1958–1971), Flag of Syria (1980–2024).svg Ba'athist Syria
BranchFile:Flag of the Syrian Arab Army.svg Syrian Arab Army
Service years1980–2017
RankFile:Syria Army - OF07.svg Major General
UnitRepublican Guard
Commands
  • Republican Guard's 104th Brigade[3]
  • Commander of SAA troops in Aleppo (July – October 2013)[4]
  • Commander of Republican Guards in Deir ez-Zor (October 2013 – October 2017)
Conflicts

Issam Jad'aan Zahreddine (Arabic: عِصَام جَدْعَان زَهْر الدِّين, romanized: ʿIṣām Jadʿān Zahr ad-Dīn, 9 September 1961 – 18 October 2017; also transliterated as Zaher Eldin or Zaher al-Deen) was a Syrian military officer and former commander of the Syrian Republican Guard.[3][7][8] He played a major role in the Syrian Civil War, leading Syrian government forces on several fronts.[9] His most prominent role was the leadership of the surrounded Syrian forces during the over three-year long siege of Deir ez-Zor. On 18 October 2017, Zahreddine was killed by a land mine explosion during operations against the Islamic State on Saqr island in Deir ez-Zor.[10]

Background

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Zahreddine was born in the small rural village[10] of Tarba in the As-Suwayda Governorate[11] in 1961.[10] A member of the Druze religious community,[9] he was commissioned as an officer in the Airborne (Special Forces) Armoured units in 1982. Before that he served in the Baath Party's People's Militia (Popular Militia) as a conscript from 1980 to 1982. In 1987, he was inducted into the Republican Guard as an Armoured and Mechanized Units' officer.[12]

Syrian civil war

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Zahreddine commanded the Republican Guard's 104th Brigade in Douma and Harasta alongside Brigadier General Manaf Tlass before the latter's defection.[3] This brigade was led by Bashar al-Assad before he became president, and by Bassel al-Assad until his death in 1994.[13][14] According to testimony from a defector to Human Rights Watch, Zahreddine ordered the systematic beating of arrested protestors in Douma during the civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War;[3] for these alleged actions, he became known as the "Druze Beast" among the Syrian opposition.[15]

As the Syrian Civil War escalated, Zahreddine became one of the most prominent and high-ranking members of the Druze community in Syria fighting for the government. As result, he has been widely criticized by pro-opposition and anti-war Druze:[16] The leader of the Lebanese Druze, Walid Jumblatt, accused him of "fighting against his own people",[17] and Zahreddine was also singled out by a group of Druze religious leaders meeting in As-Suwayda in February 2013 as an individual deserving of death, in a statement otherwise decrying the use of violence by both sides.[18] Among pro-government Druze in Syria including the Golan Heights, however, he was regarded as a "hero" and had many followers.[16][2]

Zahreddine was sent in early 2012 to Homs where the SAA offensive against rebel groups was culminating in the siege and Battle of Baba Amr, in which his troops surrounded the neighbourhood, blocked supply routes and shelled it.[14] Many civilians were trapped, and dozens were killed in the attacks. On 21 February the government intercepted a call by famous war reporter Marie Colvin: "The [SAA] is simply shelling a city of cold, starving civilians".[19] In a lawsuit filed in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, Colvin's family provided evidence that the Syrian government had tracked Colvin from Lebanon, triangulated the call to the Homs Media Center, and confirmed her location with a local informant, and that then, under orders from Maher al-Assad, the Homs units of the Syrian Republican Guard and Special Forces targeted her location, using a method known as bracketing, where multiple rockets were launched to either side, drawing closer with each round, before hitting it directly.[20][21] The lawsuit alleged that Zahreddine planned the artillery attack along with Ali Mamluk, Director of Syria's National Intelligence Bureau and Rafiq Shahadah, former Director of Military Intelligence.[5][22] French photographer Remi Ochlik was killed and British photographer Paul Conroy, French reporter Edith Bouvier, and Syrian interpreter Wael al-Omar were wounded in the same attack.[21]

Following the start of the Aleppo offensive (October 2013), Zahreddine was originally going to lead an assault to Anadan. However, he was requested for assistance in Deir ez-Zor due to Major General Jameh's death.[23][better source needed] While there, he became known for frequently visiting the front line and interacting with ordinary soldiers.[24] On 27 November 2013, while commanding his forces in al-Rashdiya district, Zahreddine was wounded in the leg by a bullet.[23] Zahreddine and his son Yarob travelled to as-Suwayda in September 2015 in order to attend the funeral of Sheikh Wahid al-Balous, a Druze leader who had been a prominent anti-war activist.[16]

Sometime after 2013, Zahreddine was promoted from Brigadier General to Major General.[citation needed] By 2016, he was leading 7,000 troops in the battle to retake the eastern city of Deir Ezzor from ISIS.[5][25] He led the 104th Airborne Brigade, which formed the core of the city's defense.[26]

In 2016, he was pictured posing next to hanging corpses of ISIS fighters that appeared to have been tortured and cut up [5][25][4] or were remains of a suicide bombing.[citation needed] In 2017, Zahreddine was added to a European Union sanctions list for his role in "violent repression against the civilian population, including during the siege of Baba Amr in February 2012."[14][27]

On 5 September 2017, Zahreddine was congratulated by President Bashar Assad for his role at Deir ez-Zor during the over 3-year long siege of the city by ISIS.[28] He used the occasion to thank allies for lifting the siege and tell Syrian refugees to "never return", saying that "even if the state forgives you, we will never forgive nor forget".[4][29][30] In a subsequent audio message, however, Zahreddine claimed that he had meant that only those who had taken up arms against the Syrian Army should not return.[5][31]

Personal life

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Issam's oldest son, Yarob,[16] also fought with the 104th Brigade in Deir ez-Zor.[32]

Death

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On 18 October 2017, Zahreddine was killed when his vehicle hit an ISIL land mine in Hawija Saqr near Deir Ezzor as he was conducting an operation against ISIL.[8][33][34][7] His funeral took place in As-Suwayda on 20 October 2017.[2][35]

On the night of 30 April 2025, amidst armed clashes in southern Syria, in which the HTS's General Security occupied the native village of Zahreddine, As-Sawra al-Kabira, (located on the northern edge of Al-Surah al-Saghirah district), the shrine and museum was burned and destroyed by the attacking forces.[36][37] Images of the burning and destruction of the tomb of Zahreddine was largely shared and celebrated on pro-HTS social media accounts.[36] No party officially claimed the destruction of the shrine, which was blamed on the collective attacking forces of the armed Deraa bedouins, the newly formed Syrian Army and the General Security forces.[36][37]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  2. ^ a b c Israeli Druze mourn death of Syrian regime general, Times of Israel, 27 October 2017
  3. ^ a b c d Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ^ a b c Tom O'Connor Top Syrian War General Killed in Explosion outside city he helped free from ISIS, Newsweek 10/18/17
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Josie Ensor Top Syrian general killed by Isil landmine near Deir Ezzor, The Telegraph 18 October 2017
  6. ^ a b Riad Alarian The "Butcher of Deir Ezzor," Issam Zahreddine, Dies 1 Month After Threatening Syrian Refugees, Muftah, 21 October 2017
  7. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  14. ^ a b c Ruth Sherlock Anti-ISIS Syrian General Accused Of Killing U.S. Journalist Is Reported To Have Died, NPR, 19 October 2017
  15. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  16. ^ a b c d Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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  19. ^ David Remnick Postscript: Marie Colvin, 1956- New Yorkers, 22 February 2012
  20. ^ Dana Priest War reporter Marie Colvin was tracked, targeted and killed by Assad’s forces, family says, Washington Post 9 July 2016
  21. ^ a b Josie Ensor Veteran war reporter Marie Colvin was 'tracked and deliberately targeted' by Assad regime before her killing in Syria, Telegraph 10 JULY 2016
  22. ^ FAMILY OF SLAIN U.S. JOURNALIST MARIE COLVIN SUES ASSAD REGIME, Center for Justice & Accountability, 9 July 2016
  23. ^ a b Maj. General 'Issam Zahreddeen Slightly Wounded Syrian Perspective. 28 November 2013.
  24. ^ Fadel, Leith. High ranking Syrian general barely escapes death in Deir Ezzor Archived 1 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Al-Masdar News. 13 September 2017.
  25. ^ a b Syria army commander 'poses next to dead bodies' Al-Jazeera 21 May 2016
  26. ^ Senior Syria general killed in Deir Ez-Zor, Middle East Monitor, October 19, 2017
  27. ^ implementing Decision 2013/255/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Syria, 17 July 2017
  28. ^ iIllingworth, Andrew. President al-Assad congratulates three Syrian commanders for Deir Ezzor victory Archived 30 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Al-Masdar News. 5 September 2017.
  29. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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