Intertrappean Beds

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Intertrappean Beds
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian-Ypresian, 67.7–56 Ma
TypeUnit
Unit ofDeccan Traps
OverliesInfratrappean Beds
Location
CoordinatesLua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
Approximate paleocoordinatesLua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.
RegionMadhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka[1]
CountryIndia
Intertrappean Beds is located in India
Intertrappean Beds
Intertrappean Beds (India)

The Intertrappean Beds are a Late Cretaceous and early Paleogene geologic unit in India. These beds are found as interbeds between Deccan Traps layers, including the slightly older Lameta Formation. They consist a number of different subgroups and formations, and span the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary.[2][1]

Many mostly fragmentary fossils, especially of small vertebrates, are known from the formation.[3] Indeterminate theropod and pterosaur remains have been recovered from the formation, as well as dinosaur eggs.[4][5] The mammal genera Deccanolestes, Sahnitherium, Bharattherium, Indoclemensia, Indotriconodon and Kharmerungulatum have been recovered from several localities.[6] The Early Eocene-aged[7] Bamanbor locality in Gujarat preserves articulated freshwater fish specimens.[8][9] A rich plant flora is known from the formation.

Stratigraphy

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Although often thought of as a contemporaneous unit that was formed in a single rapid eruption event, more studies that date the age of the volcanic beds indicate that the Deccan Traps did not erupt all at once. Instead, different portions appear to have erupted during different periods of time. This means that the Intertrappean Beds are best understood as a group of different volcanic-associate formations of varying ages.[10]

Divisions

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Kale et al (2020) divided the group into the following provinces:[10]

  • Sahyadri Group or Western Province (age: Late Maastrichtian to Danian, ~67.5 to 62.5 mya)
  • Satpura Group or Central Province
  • Malwa Group (age: Late Maastrichtian, ~67.7 mya; likely the oldest group)
  • Amarkantak Group or Mandla Province (age: early Paleogene, ~64.5 mya - unknown)

Mittal et al (2021) divided the group into the following provinces:[11]

Formations

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Chemostratigraphic definition

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Kale et al (2020) divided the group as follows. Subgroups/formations are classified based on oldest to youngest.[10]

  • Wai Subgroup (youngest)
    • Desur Formation
    • Panhala Formation
    • Mahabaleshwar Formation (~63.2 mya)
    • Ambenali Formation
    • Poladpur Formation
  • Lonavala Subgroup
    • Bushe Formation
    • Khandala Formation
  • Kalsubai Subgroup (oldest, ~67.5 mya)
    • Bhimashankar Formation
    • Thakurwadi Formation
    • Neral Formation
    • Igatpuri Formation
    • Jawhar Formation

Lithostratigraphic definition

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Kale et al (2020) divided the group as follows. Subgroups/formations are classified based on oldest to youngest.[10]

  • Sahyadri Group:
    • Bombay Subgroup (~62.5 mya)
      • Borivali Formation
      • Elephanta Formation
    • Khandala Subgroup (~67.5 to 63.2 mya)
      • Mahabaleshwar Formation (~63.2 mya)
      • Purandargarh Formation
      • Diveghat Formation
      • Karla Formation
      • Indrayani Formation
    • Kalsubai Subgroup (oldest: ~67.5 mya)
      • Upper Ratangarh Formation
      • Lower Ratangarh Formation
      • Salher Formation
  • Satpura Group:
    • Karanja Formation (youngest)
    • Buldhana Formation
    • Chikli Formation
    • Ajanta Formation
    • Upper Ratangarh Formation
    • Karanja Formation
    • Buldana Formation
    • Chikli Formation (oldest)
  • Malwa Group:
    • Singarchori Formation (youngest)
    • Bargonda Formation
    • Indore Formation
    • Kankaria-Pirukheri Formation
    • Kalisindh Formation
    • Mandleshwar Formation
    • Gaganwara Formation (oldest)
  • Amarkantak Group:
    • Kuleru Formation (youngest)
    • Khamla/Kampla Formation
    • Amarwara Formation
    • Multai Formation
    • Linga Formation
    • Pipardehi Formation
    • Dhuma Formation
    • Mandla Formation (oldest, ~64.4 mya)

Within the newly defined Saurhastra Group (age: Paleocene to early Eocene), the following divisions were found by Patel & Shah (2023):[12]

  • Ninama Basin:
    • Ninama Limestone (youngest)
    • Sukhbhadar Formation (oldest)
  • Chotila Basin:
    • Bamanbor Formation (youngest)
    • Chotila Chert
    • Rangpar Formation (oldest)

Paleobiota

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Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Fish

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Anthracoperca A. bhatiai Naskal, Rangapur Otolith. A percoid otolith.
Apateodus A. striatus Asifabad[13] An enchodontoid aulopiform.
Ariidae incertae sedis Naskal, Rangapur, Anjar Otolith. An ariid catfish otolith.
?Belonostomus B. indicus Nagpur[3][14] An aspidorhynchid.
Coupatezia C. sp Asifabad[13] An eagle ray.
Cyprinidae incertae sedis Deothan-Kheri A cyprinid.
Dapalis D. erici Rangapur Otolith. A serranid otolith.
"Eotrigonodon" "E." wardhaensis Asifabad[13] Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[15]
Enchodus E. sp Asifabad[13] An enchodontoid aulopiform.
Horaclupea H. intertrappea Bamanbor[8] Early Eocene[12][7] Complete skeleton. A clupeid.
Igdabatis I. indicus Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[16][17] An eagle ray.
Indiaichthys I. bamanborensis Bamanbor[9] Early Eocene[12][7] Multiple complete skeletons. A possible percoid.[18]
"Indotrigonodon" "I." ovatus Asifabad[13] Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[15]
"Lepidotes" "L." sp Asifabad[13] A lepisosteiform.
Lepisosteus L. indicus Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[16][17] A gar.
Nandidae incertae sedis Deothan-Kheri A nandid.
Osteoglossidae incertae sedis Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[16][17] An osteoglossid of uncertain affinities.
Palaeolabrus P. dormaalensis Asifabad[13] A palaeolabrid.
Palaeopristolepis P. chiplonkari Bamanbor[8] Early Eocene[12][7] Multiple partial skeletons. A questionable leaffish.[18]
P. feddeni
"Perca" "P." angusta Bamanbor[8] Early Eocene[12][7] Skull. A possible percoid, classification very doubtful.[18]
Percomorpha incertae sedis Bamanbor[9] Early Eocene[12][7] Partial skeleton. A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
Phareodus P. sp. Asifabad, Naskal & Marepalli[13] A bonytongue.
Polycanthidae incertae sedis Deothan-Kheri A polycanthid.
"Pisdurodon" "P." spatulatus Asifabad[13] Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[15]
Pycnodontidae incertae sedis Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[16][17] A pycnodontid of uncertain affinities.
"Pycnodus" "P." lametae Asifabad[13] A pycnodontid.
Raja R. sudhakari Asifabad[13] A skate.
Rhombodus R. sp. Asifabad[13] A stingray.
Serranidae incertae sedis Deothan-Kheri A serranid.
Siluriformes incertae sedis Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[16][17] A catfish of uncertain affinities.[19]
Sphenodus S. sp. Asifabad[13] A shark.
Stephanodus S. lybicus Asifabad & Marepalli[13] A pycnodontid.


Otolith-based taxa

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Genus[20] Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
"Ambassidarum" A. cappettai Nagpur Otolith An ambassid otolith.
"Apogonidarum" A. curvatus Naskal, Rangapur Otolith A cardinalfish otolith.
"Blenniidarum" B. sp Rangapur Otolith A blenny otolith.
?"Centropomidarum" C. takliensis Nagpur Otolith A possible snook otolith.
"Clupeidarum" C. valdiyai Nagpur, Rangapur Otolith A clupeid otolith.
C. sahnii
"Gonorhynchidarum" G. rectangulus Nagpur, Rangapur Otolith A gonorynchid otolith.
"Heterotidinarum" H. heterotoides Naskal Otolith An arapaimine otolith.
"Notopteridarum" N. nolfi Naskal, Rangapur, Cheemalagutta Otolith A notopterid otolith.
"Osteoglossidarum" O. deccanensis Naskal, Otolith An osteoglossid otolith.
O. intertrappus
"Percoideorum" P. citreum Naskal, Nagpur, Rangapur Otolith Percoid otoliths.
P. nagpurensis
P. rangapurensis
?"Pristolepidinarum" P. jaegeri Nag Otolith A possible pristolepid otolith.
"Serranidarum" S. sp. Anjar Otolith A serranid otolith.

Amphibians

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Gobiatidae incertae sedis Naskal A gobiatid frog.[3][21]
"Hemisotidae"/"Leptodactylidae" incertae sedis Naskal A frog of uncertain affinities.[3][21]
Indobatrachus I. pusillus Worli Hill Early Paleocene[10] Multiple complete skeletons[22] A frog of uncertain affinities.
Pelobatidae incertae sedis Nagpur A pelobatid frog.[3]
Ranoidea incertae sedis Naskal A ranoid frog.[3][21]
Costata incertae sedis A costatan frog[21]
?Caudata incertae sedis A possible salamander.[21]

Reptiles

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Turtles

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Carteremys C. leithii Worli Hill Early Paleocene[10] Carapace, plastron, skull and partial mandible A turtle of uncertain affinities.
Sankuchemys S. sethnai Amboli Quarry[23] Skull[23] A bothremydid turtle.

Lepidosaurs

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Acrosphenodontia Incertae sedis Naskal[24] Dentary with teeth.[24] An indeterminate rhynchocephalian.
"Agama" A. sp. Rangapur An indeterminate agamid lizard.
Anguidae Incertae sedis Naskal An indeterminate anguid lizard.[21]
?"Contogenys" ?"C." sp. Nagpur An indeterminate scincomorph lizard.[21]
Deccansaurus D. palaeoindicus Kesavi[25] Maastrichtian/Early Paleocene Jaws & several osteoderms.[25] A scincoid lizard.
?"Exostinus" "E." estestai Nagpur An indeterminate xenosaurid lizard.[21]
"Eumeces" "E." sp. Rangapur An indeterminate scincid lizard.[21]
Indophis I. sahnii Naskal[26] Over 160 vertebrae.[26] A nigerophiid snake.
"Litakis" "L." sp. Nagpur An indeterminate lizard.
"Pristiguana" "P." sp. Nagpur An indeterminate iguanid lizard.
Serpentes Incertae sedis Naskal[26] A trunk vertebra & left dentary.[26] A snake.
Serpentes[21] Incertae sedis Possibly a primitive form,
Madtsoiidae[21] Incertae sedis Three individuals. Madsoid snakes.
cf. Indophis[21] cf. I. sahnii Nigerophiidae snake.
Booidea[21] Incertae sedis Possibly a Booid snake.

Crocodyliforms

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Crocodylidae incertae sedis Worli Hill[3][27] Teeth and dentary. A crocodylid crocodyliform.
Dyrosauridae incertae sedis Kisalpuri[28] Partial mandible, frontal, and vertebrae A dyrosaurid crocodyliform.
Crocodyliformes incertae sedis Naskal[27] Teeth. Shows similarities to Hamadasuchus and perhaps Mahajangasuchus.

Dinosaurs

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
?"Hypselosaurus" "H." sp Mohgaon Kalan[3] A titanosaurian sauropod.
Massospondylus[29] M. rawesi Tooth Previously thought to be Massospondylus now thought to have been an indeterminate Theropod.
Sauropoda Incertae sedis Asifabad, Ranipur, Anjar[3] Bones Sauropod bones.
Oogenera
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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Megaloolithus baghensis Kisalpuri[16] Eggshell fragments A Titanosaur egg.
Subtiliolithus kachhensis Kisalpuri[16] Eggshell fragments A Enantiornithine bird egg.

Pterosaurs

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Pterosauria incertae sedis Sirol-khal locality[5] An indeterminate dentulous pterosaur. May not be from the Maastrichtian.[30]

Mammals

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Bharattherium B. bonapartei Kisalpuri A fragmentary cheek-tooth. A sudamericid mammal.
Deccanolestes D. hislopi Naskal microvertebrate site Molars, calcanea, astralgi, humerus, ulna. A eutherian mammal.
D. robustus Naskal microvertebrate site "Dental material and an astragalus". A eutherian mammal.
D. narmadensis Kisalpuri "Isolated rear molar." A eutherian mammal.
Indoclemensia I. naskalensis Naskal microvertebrate site[1] Right second Molar. A eutherian mammal.
I. magnus Naskal microvertebrate site[1] Left second Molar. A eutherian mammal.
Indotriconodon I. magnus Kutch[31] Single lower Molar. A eutriconodont mammal.
Kharmerungulatum K. vanvaleni Kisalpuri[32] Isolated right lower molar. A eutherian mammal.
Sahnitherium S. rangapurensis Rangapur microvertebrate site[33] Upper Molar. A eutherian mammal.

Arthropods

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Genus Species Material Location Time Period Notes Images
?Buprestidae Indeterminate Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Jewel beetle.
Lomatus[34] L. hislopi Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Jewel beetle.
?Curculionidae Indeterminate Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Snout beetle.
Meristos M. hunteri Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Snout beetle.
Ostracoda Indeterminate Maharashtra Maastrichtian An Ostracod.
Palaeotanymecides P. hislopi Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Snout beetle.

Mollusca

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Bamanboria B. oblongis Bamanbor Early Eocene[7] Shells A deccanoid freshwater mussel.[7]
Chotilia C. deccanensis Bamanbor Early Eocene[7] Shells A deccanoid freshwater mussel.[7]
C. trappeansis
C. tuberculata
Deccanoida D. aleta Bamanbor Early Eocene[7] Shells A deccanoid freshwater mussel.[7]
D. congruis
D. costaria
Limnaea sp. Maharashtra Maastrichtian A snail.
Valvata sp. Maharashtra Maastrichtian A snail.
Paludina sp. Maharashtra Maastrichtian A snail.
Physa P. prinsepii Maharashtra Maastrichtian A snail.

Flora

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Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Connaroxylon C. dimorphum Dhagaon, Mandla district[35] Wood[35] Affinities with Connaraceae.
Euphorbiotheca E. deccanensis Fruit, member of Euphorbiaceae.[36]
Hyphaeneocarpon Fruit, member of palm tribe Borasseae.[37]
Palmocarpon Fruit, member of palm tribe Cocoseae.[38]
Palmoxylon P. dindoriensis Wood, member of palm subfamily Coryphoideae.[39]
Pantocarpon Fruit, member of Torricelliaceae.[40]
Phyllanthocarpon P. singpurensis Fruit, member of Phyllanthaceae.[41]
Rhizopalamoxylon Palm rhizome, close affinities to Nypa.[42]
Pediastrum Algae.[43]
Lecaniella Algae.[43]
Pierceites P. deccanensis A Dinocyst.[43]
Aulacoseira A Diatom.[43]
Azolla Member of Salviniaceae.[43]
Crybelosporites Member of Marsileaceae.[43]
Sparganiaceaepollenites Pollen grains, Member of [43]Sparganiaceae/Typhaceae.
Marsilea Member Marsileaceae.[43]
Regnellidium Member of Marsileaceae.[43]
Nymphaeaceae indet.[43]
Typhaceae indet.[43]
Liliaceae indet.[43]
Acanthaceae indet.[43]
Pontederiaceae indet.[43]
Ovoidites Member of Zygnemataceae.[43]
Gabonisporis Pollen grains, member of Marsileaceae.[43]

See also

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Footnotes

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  4. ^ Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.
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References

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  • Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
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