Hukamnama
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A Hukamnama (Punjabi: ਹੁਕਮਨਾਮਾ, translit. Hukamanāmā), in modern-times, refers to a hymn from the Guru Granth Sahib which is given as an injunction, order, or edict to Sikhs. It also refers to edicts issued by the contemporary Takhts. In the historical sense, it was used to refer to an issued commandment, instruction, injunction, order, or edict given by one of the Gurus of Sikhism or their officiated followers and associates during their lives.[1][2]
Nowadays, after the period of human gurus, the Hukumnama refers to a hymn from a randomly selected left-hand side page from the Guru Granth Sahib on a daily basis in the morning. This is seen as the order of God for that particular day. The Hukamnama is distributed and then read aloud in Gurdwaras throughout the world. The verse taken from this ceremony is referred to as Vak or Hukam.[3]
Etymology
[edit | edit source]Hukamnama, is a compound of two words hukam, meaning command or order, and namah, meaning statement.
History
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The tradition of issuing hukamnamas began in the period of the early seventeenth century, during the time of Guru Hargobind.[4] The earliest surviving hukamana documents date to his guruship period.[5] However, Gurinder Singh Mann suggests that the genre of hukamnama literature predates the period of the sixth Sikh guru, perhaps to the period of Guru Amar Das, based upon a manuscript kept at Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar.[note 1][5] Hukamnamas issued by the Sikh gurus were addressed to specific families or congregations.[5] They covered various subjects, such as the standards of Sikh ethical conduct (rehat), the characteristics of Sikh socio-religious organization, and requesting for materials, some examples being gold or horses, that the Sikh congregations in distant regions were asked to bring or send to the main headquarters of the Guru for the greater community's needs.[5] The hukamnamas had a common format and structure.[5] They began with an invocation to the divine, in the name of Akal Purakh or Waheguru.[5] Next, the names of particular congregations, community leaders, family heads (with women being mentioned on some surviving examples), and the detailed instructions of the letter that is addressed to the aforementioned to fulfill.[5] The congregations and families that these letters were addressed to held these documents in reverence and preserved them as religious tokens.[5]
During the guruship period of Guru Gobind Singh, these hukamnamas were issued akin to royal decrees from Anandpur.[5] The Guru would dictate what is to be written and a scribe would physically write it down in the form of the letter.[5] Sometimes, the letters were decorated by illumination.[5] Each letter was assigned a specific serial number before they were sent-off to be delivered to the addressee.[5]
Collections and research
[edit | edit source]The Sikh gurus issued many edicts throughout their life, some of whom have been preserved and are documented in various writings by scholars.[6][7][page needed][8][9] A collection of hukamnamas, whose gathering is attributed to Randhir Singh, have been studied. Serious academic research into the hukamnamas only began in the early 20th century.[10] After the passing of Guru Gobind Singh, hukamnamas were also issued by his widow, Mata Sahib Kaur and by his disciple, Banda Singh Bahadur.
The Sikh Reference Library located at Amritsar held many authentic hukamnamas. These were lost after the events of Operation Blue Star in 1984.[11][12][13] This collection was studied and published in two separate books by Ganda Singh and Shamsher Singh Ashok in the late 1960's.[14] A collection of hukamnamas is preserved in the collection of Buta Singh, descendant of the original custodians of the Bhai Rupa family.[15]
Example
[edit | edit source]Taken from Advanced Studies in Sikhism page 33[16] by Jasbir Singh and Harbans Singh, the following is an example Hukamnama by Guru Gobind Singh:
Sarbat sangat Kabul Guru rakhe ga
Tusa ute asaadee bahut khusi hai
Tusi Khande da Amrit Panja to lena
Kes rakhne...ih asadee mohur hai;
Kachh, Kirpan da visah nahee karna
Sarb Loh da kara hath rakhna
Dono vakat kesa dee palna karna
Sarbat sangat abhakhia da kutha
Khave naheen, Tamakoo na vartana
Bhadni tatha kanya-maran-vale so mel na rakhe
Meene, Massandei, Ramraiye ki sangat na baiso
Gurbani parhni...Waheguru, Waheguru japna
Guru kee rahat rakhnee
Sarbat sangat oopar meri khushi hai.
— Patshahi Dasvi
Jeth 26, Samat 1756
To the entire congregation at Kabul.
The Guru will protect the congregation,
I am pleased with you all.
You should take baptism by the double edged sword, from the Five Beloveds.
Keep your hair uncut for this is a seal of the Guru,
Accept the use of shorts and a sword.
Always wear Iron Kara on your wrist,
Keep your hair clean and comb it twice a day.
Do not eat Halal (Kosher) meat,
Do not use tobacco in any form,
Have no connection with those who kill their daughters and wives.
Or permit the cutting of their children's hair.
Do not associate with Meenas, Massands and Ram-raiyas (anti-Sikh cults)
Recite the Guru's hymns
Meditate on "The Name of our Wondrous Enlightener (God)",
Follow the Sikh code of discipline
I give the entire congregation my blessing
— Signature of 10th Guru, Jeth 26, 1756 Bikrami 23 May 1699 A.D
Gallery
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Illuminated hukamnama issued by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699 on the date of Samat 1756, Magh Pravaste 9Illuminated hukamnama issued by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699 on the date of Samat 1756, Magh Pravaste 9
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Issued edict (hukamnama) of Banda Singh Bahadur containing his official seal at top of page
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See also
[edit | edit source]- Gurmata, a term used to refer to binding resolutions issued by the Sarbat Khalsa
- Rakhi system, the protection tax implemented by the Sikh Confederacy
- Hukam
Notes
[edit | edit source]- ^ See Hukamnama Mahala 3, MS 913 Airha, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, ff. 319-322.
References
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- ^ Malhotra, Karamjit K. “Professor J.S. Grewal Prize: IN SEARCH OF EARLY SIKH ART.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 71, 2010, pp. 397–408. JSTOR, JSTOR 44147507. Accessed 12 Dec. 2022.
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- ^ Sagar 2002: "Hukamnamas of the Sikh Gurus, a significant source of the Sikh history, have not received much scholarly attention. Scholars like Ganda Singh, Shamsher Singh Ashok and Fauja Singh have edited the hukamnamas collected by Bhai Randhir Singh and have tried to analyse them historically. They have succeeded in underlining their importance but their studies are of preliminary nature. Hence, there is a much scope in the field."
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- ^ Sagar 2002, Introduction: "An organised endeavour, in this connection, was made in late sixties. The Sikh History Research Board, Amritsar under the aiges of Dr. Ganda Singh deputed Bhai Randhir Singh, Research Scholar to collect the hukamnamas and other historical documents. He visited places connected with the history of Sikh Panth and collected either the hukamnamas' or procured their photographs. [...] The history of the scholarly interest in hukamnamas is not very old. It started in the second decade of the twentieth century by G.B. Singh, a dedicated scholar of Punjabi language and the Sikh religion. In 1915-16, he wrote two articles in 'Decca Review' giving translated versions of a few hukamnamas including the one of Guru Tegh Bahadur. He had come across these documents during his research visits to the Decca Sangat. His comments on the hukamnamas were critical and underlined the significance of the documents for the reconstruction of the Sikh activities in the eastern part of the country."
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- ^ Kaur, Jaskaran; Crossette, Barbara (2006).|http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf
- ^ Sagar 2002, p. 2"Ganda Singh edited his book on hukamnamas in the year 1969 under the title Hukamname. In the same year, the Sikh History Research Board, Amritsar brought out an edited work on hukamnamas under the title Nishan Te Hukamname edited by Shamsher Singh Ashok. Both the scholars utilised the same collection which was preserved with the Sikh Reference Library, Amritsar. These works contain facsimiles of hukamnamas and nishans of Guru Hargobind, Guru Har Rai, Guru Harkrishan, Guru Tegh Bahadur and Guru Gobind Singh. Other letters contained in the works are by Baba Gurditta, Mata Gujari, Mata Sundari, Mata Sahib Devi and Banda Bahadur. Edicts issued by various religious authorities like Takhats and the Khalsa are also included."
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Bibliography
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Further reading
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