Hainanese

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For the Hainanese people, see Hainan people. For the Kra-Dai languages, see Hlai languages and Be language.
Hainanese
Qiongwen, Hainan Min
海南話, Hhai3 nam2 ue1, Hái-nâm-oe
Pronunciation[hai˨˩˧ nam˨˩ ue˨˧] (Haikou dialect)
Native toChina, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand
RegionHainan
EthnicityHainanese
Native speakers
Around 5 million in China (2002)[1]
Early forms
Dialects
Chinese characters[citation needed]

Hainanese Pinyin

Hainan Romanized
Language codes
ISO 639-3hnm
Glottologhain1238
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Linguasphere79-AAA-k
File:Min dialect map.svg
  Hainanese
File:Hainan Dialect Variation Map.png
Varieties of the Hainanese spoken in Hainan.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
File:HainanBible1.gif
The Book of Genesis in Bǽh-oe-tu, published by the Bible Society of Great Britain

Hainanese or Hainamese (Hainan Romanised: Hái-nâm-oe, Hainanese Pinyin: Hhai3 nam2 ue1, simplified Chinese: 海南话; traditional Chinese: 海南話; pinyin: Hǎinánhuà), also known as Kengbun/Kengvun (simplified Chinese: 琼文话; traditional Chinese: 瓊文話), Keng language (琼语; 瓊語) or Hainam Min (海南闽语; 海南閩語) [5] is a language of Min Chinese spoken in the island of Hainan and regional overseas Chinese communities in Thailand especially.

In the classification by Yuan Jiahua, it was added to the Southern Min group by Him despite being mutually unintelligible with Southern Min varieties such as Hokkien and Teochew.[6] In the classification of Li Rong, used by the Language Atlas of China, it was treated as a separate Min subgroup.[7] Hou Jingyi combined it with Leizhou Min, spoken on the Leizhou Peninsula, in a Qiong–Lei group.[8] "Hainanese" is also used for the language of the Li people living in Hainan, but generally refers to Min varieties spoken in Hainan.

Phonology

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The phonologies of the different varieties of Hainanese are highly divergent,[9] with the Wenchang dialect being the prestige dialect, and often used as a reference.[10]

Consonants

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Below is a table for the consonants of Hainanese across the dialects of Wenchang, Haikou and the dialect of Banqiao Town, in Dongfang.[9] For more information on a specific variety, please consult the relevant article.

Labial Dental Alveolo-
palatal		 Velar Glottal
Plosive voiceless /p/[i]
爸 pa		 /t/
洗 toi		 /k/
公 kong		 /ʔ/
啊 a
aspirated /pʰ/[i][ii]
婆 pho		 /tʰ/[i]
 /kʰ/[i][ii]
去 khu
voiced /b/[iii]
 /d/[iii]
 /g/[iv]
我 gua
implosive /ɓ/[iii][ii]
北 ɓak		 /ɗ/[iii][ii]
茶 ɗei		 (/ɠ/)[v]
Affricate voiceless /ts/[i][ii] /tɕ/[iv]
食 tsia
aspirated /tsʰ/[i]
voiced /dz/[i]
 /dʑ/[iv]
日 jit
Fricative voiceless /ɸ/[iv]
皮 fi		 /θ/[i]
 /s/
事 sei		 /ɕ/[iv][ii] /x/
 /h/
海 hai
voiced /v/[i][ii]
文 vun		 /z/[ii]
欲 zok		 /ɦ/[iv]
Nasal /m/
目 mak		 /n/
念 niam		 /ŋ/
乐 ngak
Approximant /w/[iv]
发 wat		 /l/
老 lao		 /j/[iv]
肉 yok
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Present in the Banqiao dialect.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Present in the Haikou dialect.
  3. ^ a b c d Present in the Wenchang dialect, where there is a phonemic distinction between voiced and implosive stop consonants.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Present in the Wenchang dialect.
  5. ^ Not usually transcribed as /ɠ/, and not phonemically distinct from /g/ in the Wenchang dialect or from /ŋ/ in other Hainanese varieties.[11]

Many of the most widely spoken varieties of Hainanese notably have a series of implosive consonants, /ɓ/ and /ɗ/, which were acquired through contact with surrounding languages, probably Hlai. However, more conservative varieties of Hainanese such as Banqiao remain closer to Leizhou Peninsula Min and other varieties, lack them.[9]

The consonant system of Hainanese corresponds well with that of Leizhou Peninsula Min, but it has had some restructuring. In particular:[9]

  • Etymological plain stops have undergone implosivization (*p > [ɓ], *t > [ɗ]) in the more innovative varieties such as Wenchang and Haikou.
  • Etymological aspirated stops have spirantized (*pʰ > [ɸ], *tʰ > [h], *tsʰ > [ɕ], *kʰ > [h~x]) in more innovative varieties.
  • The lenition of an historic *b into [v] in Banqiao and Haikou, though not in Wenchang.
  • Former *s has hardened into a stop (*s > [t]), although in the more conservative Banqiao dialect some instances have only undergone fortition to (*s > [θ]), and others have remained [s].
  • Former *h has become [ɦ] in Wenchang.

Additionally, [ʑ] is an allophone of /j/.

These changes also make Hainanese fairly close to Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary.

English meaning Hainamese Standard Chinese Taiwanese Hokkien
eye mak jɛn bak tsiu
sticky niam niɛn liam
low ɗɔi ti te

Vowels

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Hainanese has seven phonemic vowels.[citation needed]

Front Central Back
Close /i/ /u/
Close-mid /e/ /o/
Open-mid /ɛ/ /ɔ/
Open /a/

Tones

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Tone chart of the Hainan dialect
Tone number Tone name Tone contour Example
1 yin ping (阴平) ˨˦ (24) 诗
2 yang ping (阳平) ˨˩ (21) 时
3 yin shang (阴上) ˨˩˩ (211) 死
4 yin qu (阴去) ˧˥ (35) 四
5 yang qu (阳去) ˧ (33) 是
6 yin ru (阴入) ˥ (5) 失
7 yang ru (阳入) ˧ (3) 实
8 chang ru (长入) ˥ (55) 视

Romanization

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Hainanese Pinyin

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Main article: Hainanese Transliteration Scheme
Not to be confused with Hainan Romanized.

Hainanese Pinyin (海南话拼音方案) is a phonetic system announced by the Education Administration Department of Guangdong Province in September 1960. It marks tones with numbers.

Initials

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IPA Hainanese Pinyin Bǽh-oe-tu Example
/ɓ/ b b 北
/p/ b p 波
/pʰ/ p ph 坡
/ɸ/ p f 皮
/m/ m m 摩
/b/ v b ?
/v/ v v 无
/t/ d t 装
/ɗ/ dd d 刀
/n/ n n 挪
/l/ l l 罗
/k/ g k 哥
/ŋ/ ng g 俄
/x/ h kh 可
/h/ hh h 号
/ɠ/ gh g 我
/ts/ z c 支
/s/ s s 妻
/z/ y j 余

Finals

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IPA Hainanese Pinyin Bǽh-oe-tu Example
/a/ a a 亚
/o/ o o 荷
/ɛ/ e e 摩
/i/ i i 医
/u/ u u 呜
ai ai ai 哀
ɔi oi oi 鞋
au ao au 喉
ia ia ia 也
iɔ io io 腰
ua ua oa 换
ue ue oe 话
ui ui oi 威
uai uai oai 坏
ɔu ou ou 黑
iu iu iu 柚
iau iao iau 妖
iam iam iam 厌
im im im 音
am am am 暗
an an an 安
in in in 烟
un un un 温
uan uan oan 弯
aŋ ang ag 红
eŋ eng eg 英
ɔŋ ong og 翁
iaŋ iang iag 央
uaŋ uang oag 汪
iɔŋ iong iog 匈
ip ib ib 邑
iap iab iab 协
at ad at 遏
it id it 乙
ut ud ut 核
uat uad oat 挖
ak ag ak 鹤
ek eg ek 益
ok og ok 喔
iok iog iok 育
uak uag oak 廓
-ʔ -h -h 不

Grammar

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Hainanese is known for having post-verbal locative prepositional phrases,[12] as opposed to having such phrases in the pre-verbal position, as is common in most other varieties of Chinese. For example:

伊

ʔi24

3SG

大聲

ɗua24 tia24

loudly

啼

hi21

cry

佇

ɗu33

in

房裡

ɓaŋ21-lɛ33

room-LOC

 

(Haikou)

 

伊 大聲 啼 佇 房裡

ʔi24 ɗua24 tia24 hi21 ɗu33 ɓaŋ21-lɛ33

3SG loudly cry in room-LOC

He was crying loudly in the room.

This has been attributed to contact with the Kra–Dai languages of Hainan, such as Hlai and Be.[12]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[2][3][4]

References

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  9. ^ a b c d Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  10. ^ "其中文昌话语音清晰，影响较大，被视为海南话的标准语，是海南广播电台、电视台与社会使用的主要方言。" From Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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Further reading

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  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Miyake, Marc. 2008. Hainanese articles.
  • Miyake, Marc. 2008. Hainanese -om and -op.
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). includes a description of the phonology of the Ding'an dialect.
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value). describes Wenchang dialect.
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Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Hainanese.
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