Golyad language
| Golyad | |
|---|---|
| East Galindian, Golyadsky | |
| *Galindai | |
| Region | Protva basin |
| Ethnicity | Eastern Galindians |
| Extinct | 12th century AD[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xgl (shared with West Galindian) |
xgl | |
| Glottolog | None |
| ELP | Lua error in Module:Endangered_Languages_Project at line 21: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
 Eastern Europe in 7–8th century with Baltic tribes shown in dark purple and Golyad people being shown in the isolated pocket within Slavic territory. | |
Golyad (Russian: голя́дский язык) or East Galindian (Latvian: austrumgalindu valoda, Lithuanian: rytų galindų kalba) is a poorly attested extinct Baltic language of the Dnieper Balts living in the Protva basin in present-day Russia.[2] The Golyad people are believed to have descended from the Moshchiny culture and is the only known ethnonym for the Dnieper-Oka language.[1] Due to there being no known written documents of the Golyad language, the language is poorly known.[3] The language went extinct in the 12th century due to Early Slavic migration and assimilation.[1] It is believed the vernaculars of the Finno-Ugrians and Volga Finns adopted loanwords from East Galindian.[4]
Phonology
[edit | edit source]Based on Baltic substratum and hydronomy in the Protva basin, the following phonology can be reconstructed:[5][6]
Consonants
[edit | edit source]| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | nʲ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | tʲ | tʃ | k |
| voiced | b | d | dʲ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ | |||
| voiced | v | z | ʒ | |||
| Trill | r | rʲ | ||||
| Approximant | l | lʲ | j | |||
Vowels
[edit | edit source]| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| High | i | iː | u | uː | ||
| Mid | eː | oː | ||||
| Mid-low | ɛ | |||||
| Low | a | aː | ||||
Lexicon
[edit | edit source]There are some Russian dialectal words from the Protva basin region suspected to be of Baltic origin:[7]
| Russian | Transliteration | Translation | Proposed Baltic cognates |
|---|---|---|---|
| алáня | alánja | 'beer' | Lithuanian: alìnas 'special type of beer', Lithuanian: alùs, Latvian: aliņš |
| кромсáть | kromsát' | 'to break something into pieces' | Lithuanian: kramsė́ti, Latvian: kramstīt |
| нóрот | nórot | 'fishing gear' | Lithuanian: nérti, Latvian: nērt 'to sink' |
| пикýлька | pikúl'ka | 'type of weed' | Lithuanian: pìkulė 'sisymbrium' |
It is believed that the hydronyms "Lama", "Yauza", "Nudol" and "Churilikha" have Baltic origins.[8] Specifically, the Churilikha's name has origins in the Lithuanian word for narrow and other names for the Churilikha such as Goledyanka have origins from the Golyad themselves.[9] It is also believed that the name of the two villages of Golyadi has their names originate from the Golyads.[8][10]
References
[edit | edit source]- ^ a b c Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Dini (2014), p. 307.
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Dini (2014), p. 311-312.
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Dini (2014), p. 312.
- ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
Bibliography
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