Gaam language
| Gaam | |
|---|---|
| Ingessana | |
| Native to | Sudan |
| Region | Blue Nile State |
| Ethnicity | Ingessana |
Native speakers | 110,000 (2022)[1] |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tbi |
| Glottolog | gaam1241 |
| ELP | Lua error in Module:Endangered_Languages_Project at line 21: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
Gaam (Gaahmg), also known as Ingessana, (Me/Mun) Tabi, Kamanidi, or Mamedja/Mamidza, is an Eastern Sudanic language spoken by the Ingessana people in the Tabi Hills in Blue Nile State in eastern Sudan, near Ethiopia. It was considered an isolate within Eastern Sudanic until the other Eastern Jebel languages were discovered in the late 20th century. Dialects are Soda (Tao), Kukur (Gor), Kulang (Kulelek, Bau), Buwahg (Buek).
An early record of this language is a short wordlist dated February 1883 by Juan Maria Schuver. His informant came from the east side of the Tabi Hills, but was hard to understand because he was chewing tobacco.[2]
Phonology
[edit | edit source]Consonants
[edit | edit source]There are 21 distinct consonant phonemes. The fricative, nasal, lateral and rhotic consonants also distinguish length.
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosives | p | b | t̪ | d̪ | t | d | c | ɟ | k | ɡ |
| Fricatives | f, fː | s, sː | ||||||||
| Nasals | m, mː | n, nː | ɲ, ɲː | ŋ, ŋː | ||||||
| Laterals | l, lː | |||||||||
| Rhotics | r, rː | |||||||||
| Approximants | w | ð | j | |||||||
Vowels
[edit | edit source]There are six distinct vowel phonemes. All six can also occur in sequential (and thus lengthened) form but may change phonetic quality. Stirtz (2012)[4] proposes the following system:
| [-round] | [+round] | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| [-back] | [+back] | ||
| [+ATR] | i | ə | u |
| [-ATR] | ɛ | a | ɔ |
Tone
[edit | edit source]Gaam is a tonal language. There are three level tones, High, Mid and Low, which can be combined to form rising and falling tones. A total of nine tone melodies is possible, all of them contrastive.
References
[edit | edit source]- ^ Gaam at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Closed access icon
- ^ Wendy James, et al., Juan Maria Schuver's Travels in North East Africa, 1880-1883 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1996), pp. 344-446
- ^ Stirtz (2012:21)
- ^ Stirtz (2012:33)
Bibliography
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- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
External links
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