Facetotecta

Facetotecta
File:12915 2008 Article 174 Fig5 HTML.png
A Y-psigon escaping from its y-cyprid
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Thecostraca
Subclass:	Facetotecta Grygier, 1985
Family:	Hansenocarididae Itô, 1985
Genus:	Hansenocaris Itô, 1985
Species
See text

Facetotecta is a poorly known subclass of thecostracan crustaceans. The adult forms have never been recognized, and the group is known only from its larvae, the "y-nauplius" and "y-cyprid" larvae. The only known genus is Hansenocaris in the family Hansenocarididae. They are mostly found in the north Atlantic Ocean, neritic waters around Japan, and the Mediterranean Basin, where they also survive in brackish water.

History

The German zoologist Christian Andreas Victor Hensen first collected facetotectans from the North Sea in 1887 but assigned them to the copepod family Corycaeidae; later Hans Jacob Hansen named them "y-nauplia", assuming them to be the larvae of unidentified barnacles. More recently, it has been suggested that, since there is a potential gap in the tantulocarid life cycle, y-larvae may be the larvae of tantulocarids. However, this would be "a very tight fit", and it is more likely that the adult forms have not yet been seen. Genetic analysis using 18S ribosomal DNA reveal Facetotecta to be the sister group to the remaining Thecostraca (Ascothoracida and Cirripedia).

Life cycle

• Y-nauplius illustration
  Y-nauplius illustration
• Y-cyprid illustration
  Y-cyprid illustration

Nauplius

Y-nauplii are 250–620 micrometres (0.010–0.024 in) long, with a faceted cephalic shield, from which the group derives its name. The abdomen is relatively long, and also ornamented. In common with other thecostracans, Facetotecta pass through five naupliar instars before undergoing a single cyprid phase.

Cyprid

The presence of a distinctive cyprid larva indicates that the Facetotecta is a member of the Thecostraca. A number of species have been described on the basis of a y-cyprid alone. As in barnacles, the cyprid is adapted to seeking a place to settle as an adult. It has compound eyes, can walk using its antennae, and is capable of producing an adhesive glue.

Juvenile

In 2008, a juvenile form was artificially produced by treating y-larvae with the hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone, which stimulated ecdysis and the transition to a new life phase. The resulting animal, named the y-psigon, was slug-like, apparently unsegmented, and limbless.

Adults

While they have never been seen, the adult facetotectans may be endoparasites of other animals, some of which could be inhabitants of coral reefs.

Species

Eleven species are currently recognised, while one species which is assigned to Hansenocaris – H. hanseni (Steuer, 1905) – is of uncertain affinities:

• Hansenocaris acutifrons Itô, 1985
• Hansenocaris corvinae Belmonte, 2005
• Hansenocaris furcifera Itô, 1989
• Hansenocaris itoi Kolbasov & Høeg, 2003
• Hansenocaris leucadea Belmonte, 2005
• Hansenocaris mediterranea Belmonte, 2005
• Hansenocaris pacifica Itô, 1985
• Hansenocaris papillata Kolbasov & Grygier, 2007
• Hansenocaris rostrata Itô, 1985
• Hansenocaris salentina Belmonte, 2005
• Hansenocaris tentaculata Itô, 1986