Energy density Extended Reference Table

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Template:SHORTDESC: This is an extended version of the energy density table from the main Energy density page.

Energy densities table
Storage type Specific energy (MJ/kg) Energy density (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency %
Arbitrary antimatter 89,875,517,874 depends on density
Deuterium–tritium fusion 576,000,000[1]
Uranium-235 fissile isotope 144,000,000[1] 1,500,000,000
Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in fast breeder reactor 86,000,000
Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light-water reactor 3,456,000 35%
Pu-238 α-decay 2,200,000
Hf-178m2 isomer 1,326,000 17,649,060
Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light-water reactor 443,000 35%
Ta-180m isomer 41,340 689,964
Metallic hydrogen (recombination energy) 216[2]
Specific orbital energy of low Earth orbit (approximate) 33.0
Beryllium + oxygen 23.9[3]
Lithium + fluorine 23.75[citation needed]
Octaazacubane potential explosive 22.9[4]
Hydrogen + oxygen 13.4[5]
Gasoline + oxygen 13.3[citation needed]
Dinitroacetylene explosive – computed[citation needed] 9.8
Octanitrocubane explosive 8.5[6] 16.9[citation needed]
Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive – computed[citation needed] 8.3
Heptanitrocubane explosive – computed[citation needed] 8.2
Sodium (reacted with chlorine)[citation needed] 7.0349
Hexanitrobenzene explosive 7[7]
Tetranitrocubane explosive – computed[citation needed] 6.95
Ammonal (Al+NH4NO3 oxidizer)[citation needed] 6.9 12.7
Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant – computed[citation needed] 6.6
Nitroglycerin 6.38[8] 10.2[9]
ANFO–ANNM[citation needed] 6.26
Lithium–air battery 6.12
Octogen (HMX) 5.7[8] 10.8[10]
TNT[11] 4.610 6.92
Copper Thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer)[citation needed] 4.13 20.9
Thermite (powder Al + Fe2O3 as oxidizer) 4.00 18.4
ANFO[citation needed] 3.7
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant) 2.7 3.8
Li-ion nanowire battery 2.54 29 95%[clarification needed][12]
Lithium thionyl chloride battery[13] 2.5
Water (220.64 bar, 373.8 °C)[citation needed][clarification needed] 1.968 0.708
Kinetic energy penetrator[clarification needed] 1.9 30
Lithium–sulfur battery[14] 1.80[15] 1.26
Fluoride-ion battery [citation needed] 1.7 2.8
Hydrogen closed cycle fuel cell[16] 1.62
Hydrazine decomposition (as monopropellant) 1.6 1.6
Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant) 1.4 2.5
Molten salt 1[citation needed] 98%[17]
Molecular spring (approximate)[citation needed] 1
Lithium metal battery[18][19] 0.83-1.01 1.98-2.09
Sodium–sulfur battery 0.72[20][better source needed] 1.23[citation needed] 85%[21]
Lithium-ion battery[22][23] 0.46–0.72 0.83–3.6[24] 95%[25]
Sodium–nickel chloride battery, high temperature[vague] 0.56
Zinc–manganese (alkaline) battery, long life design[18][22] 0.4-0.59 1.15-1.43
Silver-oxide battery[18] 0.47 1.8
Flywheel 0.36–0.5[26][27]
5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet muzzle energy density[clarification needed] 0.4 3.2
Nickel–metal hydride battery (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries[28] 0.4 1.55
Liquid nitrogen 0.349
Water – enthalpy of fusion 0.334 0.334
Zinc–bromine flow battery (ZnBr)[29] 0.27
Nickel–metal hydride battery (NiMH), high-power design as used in cars[30] 0.250 0.493
Nickel–cadmium battery (NiCd)[22] 0.14 1.08 80%[25]
[22] || 0.13 || 0.331 || ||
Lead–acid battery[22] 0.14 0.36
Vanadium redox battery 0.09[citation needed] 0.1188 7070-75%
Vanadium bromide redox battery 0.18 0.252 80%–90%[31]
Ultracapacitor 0.0199[32] 0.050[citation needed]
Supercapacitor 0.01[citation needed] 80%–98.5%[33] 39%–70%[33]
Superconducting magnetic energy storage 0.008[34][bare URL] >95%
Capacitor 0.002[35]
Neodymium magnet 0.003[36]
Ferrite magnet 0.0003[36]
Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring 0.0003[citation needed] 0.0006
Storage type Energy density by mass (MJ/kg) Energy density by volume (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency %

Notes

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  8. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  9. ^ Nitroglycerin
  10. ^ HMX
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  30. ^ High Energy Metal Hydride Battery Archived 2009-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
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  34. ^ [1] Archived February 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
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