Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt

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11th Dynasty of Egypt
c. 2040 BC–c. 1991 BC
Painted osiride sandstone seated Ka statue of king Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II, on display at the Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Painted osiride sandstone seated Ka statue of king Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II, on display at the Egyptian Museum, Cairo
CapitalThebes
Common languagesEgyptian language
Religion
ancient Egyptian religion
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy
Monarch 
• c. 2040–c. 2009 BC
Mentuhotep II
• c. 1997–c. 1991 BC
Mentuhotep III
• c. 2009 – c. 1997 BC
Mentuhotep IV
Historical eraBronze Age
• Established
c. 2040 BC
• Disestablished
c. 1991 BC
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
File:Blank.png 8th Dynasty of Egypt
File:Blank.png 10th Dynasty of Egypt
12th Dynasty of Egypt File:Blank.png
Periods and dynasties of ancient Egypt
All years are BC and AD
Predynastic
Dynasty 0 (Naqada III) 0 c. 3300–3150 BC
Early Dynastic
First Dynasty I c. 3150–2890 BC
Second Dynasty II 2890–2686 BC
Old Kingdom
Third Dynasty III 2686–2613 BC
Fourth Dynasty IV 2613–2498 BC
Fifth Dynasty V 2498–2345 BC
Sixth Dynasty VI 2345–2181 BC
First Intermediate
Seventh Dynasty VII spurious
Eighth Dynasty VIII 2181–2160 BC
Ninth Dynasty IX 2160–2130 BC
Tenth Dynasty X 2130–2040 BC
Early Eleventh Dynasty XI 2134–2061 BC
Middle Kingdom
Late Eleventh Dynasty XI 2061–1991 BC
Twelfth Dynasty XII 1991–1803 BC
Thirteenth Dynasty XIII 1803–1649 BC
Second Intermediate
Fourteenth Dynasty XIV 1705–1690 BC
Fifteenth Dynasty (Hyksos) XV 1674–1535 BC
Sixteenth Dynasty XVI 1660–1600 BC
Abydos Dynasty 1650–1600 BC
Seventeenth Dynasty XVII 1580–1549 BC
New Kingdom
Eighteenth Dynasty XVIII 1549–1292 BC
Nineteenth Dynasty XIX 1292–1189 BC
Twentieth Dynasty XX 1189–1077 BC
Third Intermediate
Twenty-first Dynasty XXI 1069–945 BC
Twenty-second Dynasty XXII 945–720 BC
Twenty-third Dynasty XXIII 837–728 BC
Twenty-fourth Dynasty XXIV 732–720 BC
Twenty-fifth Dynasty
(Kushite)		 XXV 732–653 BC
Late Period
Twenty-sixth Dynasty XXVI 672–525 BC
XXVII 525–404 BC
Twenty-eighth Dynasty XXVIII 404–398 BC
Twenty-ninth Dynasty XXIX 398–380 BC
Thirtieth Dynasty XXX 380–343 BC
XXXI 343–332 BC
Hellenistic Egypt
Thirty-second Dynasty
(Argead)		 XXXII 332–305 BC
Thirty-third Dynasty
(Ptolemaic Kingdom)		 XXXIII 305–30 BC
Roman Egypt
XXXIV 30 BC–313 AD

The 11th Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty XI; c. 2150 BC – c. 1991 BC) is a well-attested group of rulers. Its earlier members before King Mentuhotep II are grouped with the four preceding dynasties to form the First Intermediate Period, whereas the later members are considered part of the Middle Kingdom. They all ruled from Thebes in Upper Egypt.

Characteristics

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The relative chronology of the 11th Dynasty is well established by contemporary attestations and, except for count Intef and Mentuhotep IV, by the Turin canon.[1]

Manetho's statement that the 11th Dynasty consisted of 16 kings, who reigned for 43 years is contradicted by contemporary inscriptions and the evidence of the Turin King List, whose combined testimony establishes that this kingdom consisted of seven kings who ruled for a total of 143 years.[2] However, his testimony that this dynasty was based at Thebes is verified by the contemporary evidence. It was during this dynasty that all of ancient Egypt was united under the Middle Kingdom.

This dynasty traces its origins to a nomarch of Thebes, "Intef the Great, son of Iku",[1] who is mentioned in a number of contemporary inscriptions. However, his immediate successor Mentuhotep I is considered the first king of this dynasty.

An inscription carved during the reign of Wahankh Intef II shows that he was the first of this dynasty to claim to rule over the whole of Egypt, a claim which brought the Thebans into conflict with the 10th-Dynasty rulers of Herakleopolis Magna. Intef undertook several campaigns northwards, and captured the important nome of Abydos.

Warfare continued intermittently between the Theban and Heracleapolitan dynasts until shortly before the 39th regnal year of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II, when the Herakleopolitans were defeated, and this dynasty could begin to consolidate their rule. The rulers of the 11th Dynasty reasserted Egypt's influence over her neighbors in Africa and the Near East. Mentuhotep II sent renewed expeditions to Phoenicia to obtain cedar. Sankhkare Mentuhotep III sent an expedition from Coptos south to the land of Punt.

The reign of its last king, and thus the end of this dynasty, is something of a mystery. Contemporary records refer to "seven empty years" following the death of Mentuhotep III, which correspond to the reign of Nebtawyre Mentuhotep IV. Modern scholars identify his vizier Amenemhat with Amenemhat I, the first king of 12th Dynasty, as part of a theory that Amenemhat became king as part of a palace coup. The only certain details of Mentuhotep's reign was that two remarkable omens were witnessed at the quarry of Wadi Hammamat by the vizier Amenemhat. Nobody knows for certain how Amenemhat I rose to power and became the next king.

Rulers of the 11th Dynasty

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Initially the rulers of the 11th Dynasty were only Nomarchs but starting during the reign of Intef I they declared themselves pharaohs

Nomarchs of Dynasty XI
Nomarchs Image Reign Burial Consort(s) Comments
Intef the Elder
File:Cairo, Egyptian Museum, Antiquities, photo 15 of 97 - Archivio fotografico Museo Egizio, Turin Album3 014 crop.jpg
 c. 2150 BC Dra' Abu el-Naga, Thebes First ruler of Dynasty XI
Mentuhotep I
File:Statue Mentuhotep-aa by Khruner.jpg
 c. 2134 BC – ? Dra' Abu el-Naga? Neferu I

Considered Pharaoh by later members of the Eleventh Dynasty and posthumously given the Horus name Tepy-a, meaning "the ancestor"

Intef I
File:Intef I (cropped).jpg
 ? – c. 2118 BC El-Tarif, Thebes Possible Son of Mentuhotep I, later became pharaoh
Dynasty 11 Monarchs of South Egypt
Pharaoh Horus name Image Reign Burial Consort(s) Comments
Intef I Sehertawy
File:Intef I (cropped).jpg
 ? – c. 2118 BC El-Tarif, Thebes Possible Son of Mentuhotep I
Intef II Wahankh
File:Funerary stele of Intef II.jpg
 c. 2118 – c. 2069 BC El-Tarif, Thebes Neferukayet? Brother of Intef I
Intef III Nakhtnebtepnefer
File:Silsileh close up.jpg
 c. 2069 – c. 2060 BC El-Tarif, Thebes Iah Son of Intef II
Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II Seankhibtawy (originally)
Netjerihedjet (later, pre-reunification);
Sematawy (later, post-reunification)
File:Statue of Montuhotep from Deir al-Bahri, 11th Dynasty, 2065-2014 BCE; Egyptian Museum, Cairo (3).jpg
 c. 2060 – c. 2040 BC Deir el-Bahari
Dynasty 11 Monarchs of Egypt
Portrait Name Reign Consort(s) Lifespan
File:Statue of Montuhotep from Deir al-Bahri, 11th Dynasty, 2065-2014 BCE; Egyptian Museum, Cairo (3).jpg Mentuhotep II c. 2040 - c. 2009 BC
Died c. 2009 BC
File:Mentuhotep-OsirideStatue-CloseUp MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png Mentuhotep III c. 2009 – c. 1997 BC Died c. 1997 BC
File:Relief Mentuhotep IV Lepsius.jpg Mentuhotep IV c. 1997 – c. 1991 BC Died c. 1991 BC
File:Abydos Koenigsliste 57-61.jpg
Abydos King List, Royal cartouches 57 through 61
File:Mesehtisoldiers.JPG
11th Dynasty model of Egyptian soldiers from the tomb of Mesehti
File:Nubian Archers.jpg
11th Dynasty model of Nubian archers from a tomb in Asyut

Comparison of regnal lists

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Kings Mentuhotep II and Mentuhotep III are the most commonly included kings of this dynasty to appear on Egyptian king lists, while their successor Mentuhotep IV was often ignored. The Karnak King List provides the most complete surviving list of names for the eleventh dynasty, beginning with the nomarch Intef the Elder, whose name is the only one on this list that does not have a cartouche because he never reigned as Pharaoh, and ending with Mentuhotep IV, one of the few lists to include him. Several names are lost and damaged, but can still be reconstructed.

The Turin King List begins this dynasty with Mentuhotep I and provides reign lengths for individual kings, however it is in a fragmentary state and some information is now lost. Mentuhotep IV is not mentioned at all, but the list does note "a lacuna of 7 years" following Mentuhotep III.[3]

Historical Nomarch or Pharaoh Karnak King List Abydos King List Saqqara Tablet Turin King List[3] Turin Reign Lengths[3]
Intef the Elder Intef – – – –
Mentuhotep I Men[tuhotep] – – Name lost Lost
Intef I In[tef] – – Name lost Lost
Intef II Intef – – [I]n[tef] 49 years
Intef III Name lost – – Name lost 8 years
Mentuhotep II Nebhepetre Nebhepetre Nebhepetre Nebhapetre 51 years
Mentuhotep III Seneferkare Sankhkare Seankhkare Sankhka(re) 12 years
Mentuhotep IV [Nebtawy]re – – Omitted 7 years

See also

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Notes

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  • Error creating thumbnail: File missing Media related to Lua error in Module:Commons_link at line 62: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). at Wikimedia Commons
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