Dryopteris

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The moth genus Dryopteris is now considered a junior synonym of Oreta.

Dryopteris
Temporal range: 89–0 Ma Coniacian – present[1]
File:Dryopteris filix mas nf.jpg
Male fern (Dryopteris filix-mas)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Polypodiales
Suborder: Polypodiineae
Family: Dryopteridaceae
Subfamily: Dryopteridoideae
Genus: Dryopteris
Adans.[2]
Species

See text

Synonyms[3]
  • Acrophorus C.Presl
  • Acrorumohra (H.Itô) H.Itô
  • Arthrobotrys Wall.
  • Desmopodium J.Sm.
  • Diacalpe Blume
  • Dichasium (A.Braun) Fée
  • Diclisodon T.Moore
  • Dryopsis Holttum & P.J.Edwards
  • Filix Ség.
  • Filix-mas Hill ex Farw.
  • Gymnothalamium Zenker ex Kunze
  • Lophodium Newman
  • Nephrodium Marthe ex Michx.
  • Nothoperanema (Tagawa) Ching
  • Peranema D.Don
  • Pycnopteris T.Moore
  • Revwattsia D.L.Jones
  • Sphaeropteris Wall.

Dryopteris /draɪˈɒptərɪs/,[4] commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to Dryopteris filix-mas), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Dryopteridoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).[5] There are about 300-400 species in the genus.[2][5][6][7] The species are distributed in Asia, the Americas,[8] Europe, Africa, and the Pacific islands, with the highest diversity in eastern Asia.[7][9] It is placed in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Dryopteridoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).[5] Many of the species have stout, slowly creeping rootstocks that form a crown, with a vase-like ring of fronds. The sori are round, with a peltate indusium. The stipes have prominent scales.

Hybridization and polyploidy are well-known phenomena in this group, with many species formed via these processes. The North American Dryopteris hybrid complex is a well-known example of speciation via allopolyploid hybridization.[10]

The fossil record of this genus shows that it was widespread even as far back as the Cretaceous with fossils being found in Late Cretaceous rock layers from North America[11] down to Antarctica.[12]

Selected species

[edit | edit source]
Main article: List of Dryopteris species

The genus has a large number of species. The PPG I classification suggested there were about 400 species;[5] as of February 2020, the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World listed 328 species and 83 hybrids.[2] Some genera sunk into Dryopteris, such as Dryopsis and Nothoperanema, are distinguished by other sources.[2]

Ecology

[edit | edit source]

Dryopteris species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Batrachedra sophroniella (which feeds exclusively on D. cyatheoides) and Sthenopiseauratus.

Cultivation and uses

[edit | edit source]

Many Dryopteris species are widely used as garden ornamental plants, especially D. affinis, D. erythrosora, and D. filix-mas, with numerous cultivars.

Dryopteris filix-mas was throughout much of recent human history widely used as a vermifuge, and was the only fern listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. Traditional use in Scandinavia against red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) infestation is to place fronds in nesting boxes under nesting material and under floor covering material.

See also

[edit | edit source]

References

[edit | edit source]
  1. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  2. ^ a b c d Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  4. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  5. ^ a b c d Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  6. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  7. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  8. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  9. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  10. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  11. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  12. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
[edit | edit source]
Error creating thumbnail: File missing
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dryopteris.
File:Wikispecies-logo.svg
Wikispecies has information related to Dryopteris.

Lua error in Module:Taxonbar at line 165: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). Lua error in Module:Authority_control at line 153: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).

Retrieved from "http://70.231.62.181/index.php?title=Dryopteris&oldid=1281432"