Draft:Outline of human physiology
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human physiology.
Human physiology is the study of how the human body functions. This includes the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, from organs to the cells of which they are composed. The human body consists of many interacting systems of organs. These interact to maintain homeostasis, keeping the body in a stable state with safe levels of substances such as sugar and oxygen in the blood.
Each system contributes to homeostasis, of itself, other systems, and the entire body. Some combined systems are referred to by joint names. For example, the nervous system and the endocrine system operate together as the neuroendocrine system. The nervous system receives information from the body, and transmits this to the brain via nerve impulses and neurotransmitters. At the same time, the endocrine system releases hormones, such as to help regulate blood pressure and volume. Together, these systems regulate the internal environment of the body, maintaining blood flow, posture, energy supply, temperature, and acid balance (pH).
Essence of human physiology
[edit | edit source]Systems in human physiology
[edit | edit source]Nervous system
[edit | edit source]- Central Nervous System
- Peripheral nervous system
- Cranial nerves
- First cranial nerve -- Olfactory nerve. Transmits the sense of smell from the nasal caivty. Located in the olfactory foramina in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid.
- Second cranial nerve -- Optic nerve. Technically not a peripheral nerve; actually a tract of the diencephalon. Transmits visual signals from the retina of the eye to the brain.
- Third cranial nerve -- Oculomotor nerve. Innervates the eye muscles which collectively perform most eye movements.
- Fourth cranial nerve -- Trochlear nerve. Innervates an eye muscle.
- Fifth cranial nerve -- Trigeminal nerve. Receives sensation from the face and innervates the muscles of mastication.
- Sixth cranial nerve -- Abducens nerve. Innervates an eye muscle.
- Seventh cranial nerve -- Facial nerve. Provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression, part of the digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle, and stapedius muscle. Also receives the special sense of taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and provides secretomotor innervation to the salivary glands (except parotid) and the lacrimal gland.
- Eighth cranial nerve -- Acoustic nerve. Senses sound, rotation, and gravity (essential for balance and movement).
- Ninth cranial nerve -- Glossopharyngeal nerve. Receives taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, provides secretomotor innervation to the parotid gland, and provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus. Some sensation is also relayed to the brain from the palatine tonsils.
- Tenth cranial nerve -- Vagus nerve. Supplies branchiomotor innervation to most laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles (except the stylopharyngeus, which is innervated by the glossopharyngeal). Provides parasympathetic fibers to nearly all thoracic and abdominal viscera down to the splenic flexure. Receives the special sense of taste from the epiglottis.
- Eleventh cranial nerve -- Spinal accessory nerve. Controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, and overlaps with functions of the vagus nerve.
- Twelfth cranial nerve -- Hypoglossal nerve. Provides motor innervation to most of the muscles of the tongue and other glossal muscles.
- Spinal nerves
- Cranial nerves
Musculoskeletal system
[edit | edit source]- Human skeleton
- Attached Muscles
- Joints, ligaments, and bursae
Circulatory system
[edit | edit source]Respiratory system
[edit | edit source]Gastrointestinal system
[edit | edit source]Integumentary system
[edit | edit source]Urinary system
[edit | edit source]Reproductive system
[edit | edit source]Immune system
[edit | edit source]Endocrine system
[edit | edit source]Lymphatic system
[edit | edit source]Exocrine system
[edit | edit source]History of human physiology
[edit | edit source]- Ancient
- Middle Ages
- Renaissance
- 18th Century
- 19th century
- 20th century
Subdisciplines of human physiology
[edit | edit source]- Cardiovascular physiology
- Endocrine physiology
- Exercise physiology
- Gastrointestinal physiology
- Immunophysiology
- Neurophysiology
- Renal physiology
- Reproductive physiology
- Respiratory physiology
- Human thermoregulation
Related Articles
[edit | edit source]See also
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References
[edit | edit source]External links
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- This outline displayed as a mindmap, at wikimindmap.com
- http://www.innerbody.com/
