Distichodontidae
| Distichodontidae | |
|---|---|
| File:Distichodus maculatus.jpg | |
| Distichodus maculatus | |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Characiformes |
| Suborder: | Citharinoidei |
| Family: | Distichodontidae Günther, 1864 |
| Genera | |
|
see text | |
The Distichodontidae are a family of African freshwater fishes of the order Characiformes.[1]
Two evolutionary grades are found in this family; micropredators (predators of very small organisms like aquatic insect larvae) and herbivores have a nonprotractile upper jaw and a deep to shallow body, while carnivores have a movable upper jaw and an elongated body.[1] Although the herbivores primarily feed on plant material, these species often have omnivorous tendencies. The carnivores include specialized fish-eaters (genus Mesoborus), fin-eaters (Belonophago, Eugnathichthys and Phago) and species that will feed on both whole fish and fins (Ichthyborus). The fin-eaters attack other fish, even ones that are much larger, where they bite off pieces of fins with their sharp teeth.[2][3][4]
The fish in Distichodontidae vary greatly in size among species, with the smallest micropredators being less than 8 cm (3.1 in) in length, and the largest herbivores can reach up to 83 cm (33 in).[5]
Genera
[edit | edit source]Distichodontidae contains the following genera:[6]
- Belonophago Giltay, 1929
- Matthes, 1964 Poll, 1967
- Nichols & Griscom, 1917 Günther, 1867
- Monostichodus Eugnathichthys
- Vaillant, 1886 Xenocharax
- Distichodus Boulenger, 1898
- Günther, 1872 Günther, 1865
- Nannocharax Ichthyborus
- Günther, 1867 Congocharax
- J. P. Müller & Troschel, 1844 Günther, 1864
- Steindachner, 1894 Nannaethiops
- Paradistichodus Mesoborus
- Pellegrin, 1922 Paraphago
- Dundocharax Pellegrin, 1900
- Boulenger, 1899 Neolebias
- Phago Microstomatichthyoborus
References
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- ^ Lavoué, S.; M.E.Arnegard; D.L. Rabosky; P.B. McIntyre; D. Arcila; R.P. Vari; M. Nishida (2017). Trophic evolution in African citharinoid fishes (Teleostei: Characiformes) and the origin of intraordinal pterygophagy. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 113: 23-32. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Matthes, H. (1961). Feeding Habit of Some Central African Freshwater Fishes. Nature 192: 78–80.
- ^ Arroyave, J.; M.L.J. Stiassny (2014). DNA barcoding reveals novel insights into pterygophagy and prey selection in distichodontid fishes (Characiformes: Distichodontidae). Ecology and evolution 4(23): 4534–4542. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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