Dipteris
| Dipteris | |
|---|---|
| File:Dipteris conjugata 破傘蕨 001 (天問).jpg | |
| Dipteris conjugata | |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Order: | Gleicheniales |
| Family: | Dipteridaceae |
| Genus: | Dipteris Reinw. |
| Type species | |
| Dipteris conjugata Reinwardt
| |
| Species | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
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Dipteris is a genus of about seven species of ferns, native to tropical regions across the world, particularly Asia, with a species in northeastern Queensland in Australia. It is one of two genera in the family Dipteridaceae.
Description
[edit | edit source]Species of Dipteris grow from creeping rhizomes,[1] and have large stalks to the sporangium and annulus.[2] The rhizomes have bristles (or hairs) and the fronds have uniseriate hairs (having one line or series).[3] All species of Dipteris have spore-capsules that are carried on the lower surface of the broad lobed frond.[4] The fronds can reach up to 50 cm long.[5]
Taxonomy
[edit | edit source]Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt first published the genus in 1825,[6] by describing Dipteris conjugata Reinw.[7] which is the best known species.[8]
In 1839, R. Brown reduced the genus to a subgenus of Polypodium.[9] In 1901, Konrad Christ published Die Farnkrauter der Erde't, within which he included the genus Dipteris in the family Polypodiaceae, (a subdivision of the Polypodiacea).[10] It was then later placed into a separate genus,[4][5] Bower (1928), Ching (1940) and Pichi-Sermolli (1958) all having recreated the family Dipteridaceae, then comprising only one genus, Dipteris,[11] due to the differences in sporangium, stomata and gametophyte.[3]
The Latin genus name Dipteris refers to an amalgamation of two terms: di meaning two, and pteris Greek word used for ferns generally, meaning wing-like.[12]
Taxonomy
[edit | edit source]| Phylogeny of Dipteris[13][14] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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As of October 2019[update], Plants of the World Online and the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World recognized seven species:[15][16]
- Dipteris chinensis Christ – Tropical Asia and Australasia
- Dipteris conjugata Reinw. – Indochina to Australia (Queensland), and some islands in the Pacific Ocean
- Dipteris lobbiana (Hook.) T. Moore
- Dipteris nieuwenhuisii Christ
- Dipteris novoguineensis Posth.
- Dipteris papilioniformis Kjellb.
- Dipteris wallichii (R. Br.) T. Moore – India, Cuba, Hispaniola
Dipteris polyphyllus, a species from New Guinea has not been fully accepted as a species.[17]
Distribution and habitat
[edit | edit source]Many species are found in Malaysia, Philippines, Samoa and New Guinea, growing beside Matonia (another fern species).[5][10] Most of the species grow on rocks, exposed places, clearings and in thickets.[18]
Fossils
[edit | edit source]The genus has been found to have been widely distributed during the Jurassic period,[2] of the Mesozoic Era when much of the genus was widely distributed around Europe. Such fossils have been found in England, Germany, France, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, Bornholm (island), Greenland, and Poland.[10]
References
[edit | edit source]- ^ F. O. Bower The Ferns (Filicales): Volume 2, The Eusporangiatae and Other ..., Volume 2, p. 315, at Google Books
- ^ a b R.D. Preton and H.W. Woolhouse Advances in Botanical Research, Volume 4, p. 310, at Google Books
- ^ a b Peter H. Hovenkamp A Monograph of the Fern Genus Pyrrosia: Polypodiaceae, p. 102, at Google Books
- ^ a b A. C. Seward Links with the Past in the Plant World, p. 93, at Google Books
- ^ a b c A. C. Seward Fossil Plants: A Text-Book for Students of Botany and Geology, p. 298, at Google Books
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- ^ Annals of Natural History, Volume 2, p. 215, at Google Books
- ^ a b c Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Indian Botanical Society, Memoirs, Issue 4, page 9, 1963
- ^ D. Gledhill The Names of Plants, p. 319, at Google Books
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- ^ K.U. Kramer, Klaus Kubitzki, P.S. Green (Editors) Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms, p. 101, at Google Books
Other sources
[edit | edit source]- Douglas Houghton Campbell, The Evolution of the Land Plants (Embryophyta), 1940
- Anil Kumar, Botany for Degree Pteridophyta, 2006
- Sir Arthur George Tansley, The New Phytologist, 1956
External links
[edit | edit source]
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