Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea
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| Established | 25 June 1949 |
|---|---|
| Founder | Kim Il Sung |
| Dissolved | 23 March 2024 |
| Purpose | Promote the peaceful reunification of Korea under the government of North Korea |
| Headquarters | Pyongyang, North Korea |
Region served | Korea |
Director | Maeng Kyong Il (last) |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 조국통일민주주의전선 |
| Hanja | 祖國統一民主主義戰線 |
| RR | Joguk tongil minjujuui jeonseon |
| MR | Choguk t'ongil minjujuŭi chŏnsŏn |
The Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea (DFRK), also known as the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland (DFRF) or the Fatherland Front, was a North Korean united front formed on 25 June 1949 and led by the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK).[1] It was initially called the Fatherland United Democratic Front.
The front initially consisted of 72 parties and social organizations from both the North and the South; at the time of its dissolution, it had 24 members.[2][3] The three legal political parties of North Korea—the WPK, the Korean Social Democratic Party, and the Chondoist Chongu Party—all participated in the front.[4] The country's four most important mass organizations—the Socialist Patriotic Youth League, Socialist Women's Union of Korea, General Federation of Trade Unions of Korea, and Union of Agricultural Workers of Korea—were member organizations.[5][6] The Korean Children's Union was also a member organization.[7]
All candidates for an elected office in North Korea had to be a member of the front, and were nominated and approved at mass meetings held by the front.[8] The WPK led the front and all other member organizations were subservient to it.[9] The WPK was thus able to predetermine the composition of the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA). The Anti-Imperialist National Democratic Front is ostensibly the South Korean counterpart to the DFRK, but it operates from North Korea.
History
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The National Democratic Front (민주주의민족전선), a South Korean leftist organization, was founded with the Communist Party of Korea as its leading organization on 15 February 1946. It was formed from 40 leftist parties and consisted of 398 communists led by Lyuh Woon-hyung, Pak Hon-yong, and Ho Hon. The North Korean National Democratic Front (Lua error: not enough memory.) was founded on 22 July 1946.[10] It was formed from 13 parties and organizations and led by Kim Il Sung, Kim Tu-bong, and Choe Yong-gon. It included the North Korean Branch of the Communist Party and the New People's Party of Korea, which were soon merged to form the Workers' Party of North Korea, as well as the Korean Democratic Party and the Chondoist Chongu Party.[11] The North Korean National Democratic Front absorbed the South Korean National Democratic Front on 25 June 1949, after South Korea outlawed the latter, leading to the establishment of the Fatherland United Democratic Front.[12][11]
In the 1950s, the front outlived its original role as a way for the Workers' Party to consolidate its power. It was therefore assigned a new role; to serve as body to interact with South Korean organizations and political parties. It consequently changed the English rendering name to the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea (DFRK). According to North Korea expert Andrei Lankov, in this capacity, the DFRK "handled relations with South Korea's assorted progressive groups while also serving as a quasi-official voice of the North Korean government on matters related to the South".[11]
In 2018, the DFRK was led by Pak Myong Chol.[13] Presidium members during that time included Ri Kil Song and Kim Wan Su.[14] On 23 March 2024, the Korean Central News Agency reported that the DFRK had officially dissolved its central committee, effectively dissolving the whole front. The move followed a speech by Kim Jong Un in which he stated that the North would give up its goal of peaceful reunification with the South and dissolve all organizations related to the goal.[15] At the time of its dissolution, the Director of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the DFRK was Maeng Kyong Il. Members of the Presidium of the Central Committee included Pak Myong Chol and Kim Wan Su.[16]
Member organizations
[edit | edit source]In the SPA
[edit | edit source]| Name (abbreviation) |
Emblem | Ideology | Leader | Foundation | Seats in the SPA (2014) | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Workers' Party of Korea Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. |
File:WPK symbol.svg | Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism | Kim Jong Un | 29 July 1946 | 607 / 687
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[17][18] | |
| Korean Social Democratic Party Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. |
File:Emblem of Korean Social Democratic Party.svg | Social democracy (de jure) |
Kim Ho-chol | 3 November 1945 | 50 / 687
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| Chondoist Chongu Party Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. |
File:Chondoist Chongu Party.png | Chondoist interests | Ri Myong-chol | 8 February 1946 | 22 / 687
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[19][18] | |
| Chongryon Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. |
File:Flag of North Korea.svg | Zainichi interests | Pak Ku-ho | 30 March 1955 | 6 / 687
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|
[20] | |
With SPA observer status
[edit | edit source]| Organization | Emblem | Korean name | Foundation | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socialist Patriotic Youth League | File:Emblem of KSYL.svg | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. | 17 January 1946 | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. |
| Socialist Women's Union of Korea | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. | 18 November 1945 | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. | |
| General Federation of Trade Unions of Korea | File:GFTUK logo.png | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. | 30 November 1945 | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. |
| Union of Agricultural Workers of Korea | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. | 31 January 1946 | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. | |
| Korean Children's Union | File:Emblem of Korean Youth Corps.svg | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. | 6 June 1946 | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. |
| Korean Journalists' Union | File:Korean Journalists' Union.png | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. | 10 February 1946 | [21][22] |
| Korean Federation of Literature and Arts | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. | 25 March 1946 | [21]Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. | |
| Korean Christian Federation | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. | 28 November 1946 | [23][24] | |
| Korean Catholic AssociationLua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. | 30 June 1988 | [25][26] | |
| Korea Buddhist Federation | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. | 26 December 1945 | [25][27] | |
| Chosun Cheondogyo Central Guidance Committee | Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1. | 1 February 1946 | [25][28] |
Electoral history
[edit | edit source]Supreme People's Assembly elections
[edit | edit source]| Election | % of votes | Seats | +/− | Position | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1948 | 98.49% | 572 / 572
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Increase 572 | Increase 1st | Sole legal coalition
under the control of WPK |
| 1957 | 99.92% | 215 / 215
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Decrease 357 | Steady 1st | |
| 1962 | 100% | 383 / 383
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Increase 168 | Steady 1st | |
| 1967 | 100% | 457 / 457
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Increase 74 | Steady 1st | |
| 1972 | 100% | 541 / 541
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Increase 84 | Steady 1st | |
| 1977 | 100% | 579 / 579
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Increase 38 | Steady 1st | |
| 1982 | 100% | 615 / 615
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Increase 36 | Steady 1st | |
| 1986 | 100% | 655 / 655
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Increase 40 | Steady 1st | |
| 1990 | 100% | 687 / 687
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Increase 32 | Steady 1st | |
| 1998 | 100% | 687 / 687
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Steady | Steady 1st | |
| 2003 | 100% | 687 / 687
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Steady | Steady 1st | |
| 2009 | 100% | 687 / 687
<div style="background-color: Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; color:inherit; width: Expression error: Unexpected < operator%; height: 100%;"> |
Steady | Steady 1st | |
| 2014 | 100% | 687 / 687
<div style="background-color: Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter exited with status 1.; color:inherit; width: Expression error: Unexpected < operator%; height: 100%;"> |
Steady | Steady 1st | |
| 2019 | 100% | 687 / 687
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Steady | Steady 1st |
See also
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References
[edit | edit source]Citations
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- ^ Savada, Andrea Matles. "Mass Organizations." North Korea: A country study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993.
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Sources
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Further reading
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- 1946 establishments in Korea
- 2024 disestablishments in North Korea
- Organizations established in 1946
- Political organizations disestablished in 2024
- Popular fronts of communist states
- Workers' Party of Korea
- Korean nationalist organizations
- Defunct political party alliances in Asia
- Political party alliances in Korea
- Korean reunification