Agathoxylon
| Agathoxylon Temporal range: Late Carboniferous-Maastrichtian
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| File:Dadoxylon-chalala.jpg | |
| Agathoxylon fossil trunks from the Bumi Hills area of Zimbabwe | |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Pinales |
| Genus: | †Agathoxylon Hartig 1848 |
| Type species | |
| †Agathoxylon cordaianum Hartig 1848
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| Species | |
| Synonyms | |
Agathoxylon (also known by the synonyms Dadoxylon and Araucarioxylon[3]) is a form genus of fossil wood, including massive tree trunks. Although identified from the late Palaeozoic to the end of the Mesozoic,[4] Agathoxylon is common from the Carboniferous to Triassic.[5] Agathoxylon represents the wood of multiple conifer groups, including both Araucariaceae[6] and Cheirolepidiaceae,[7] with late Paleozoic and Triassic forms possibly representing other conifers or other seed plant groups like "pteridosperms".[8]
Description
[edit | edit source]Agathoxylon were large trees that bore long strap-like leaves and trunks with small, narrow rays.[5] Often the original cellular structure is preserved as a result of silica in solution in the ground water becoming deposited within the wood cells. This mode of fossilization is termed permineralization.
Systematics
[edit | edit source]As a genus, Dadoxylon was poorly defined, and apart from Araucariaceae, has been associated with fossil wood as diverse as Cordaitales,[9] Glossopteridales and Podocarpaceae. Furthermore, it may be the same form genus as Araucarioxylon, hence the usage Dadoxylon (Araucarioxylon).[10] The genus Agathoxylon, classified under the family Araucariaceae,[11] has nomenclatural priority over the genera Araucarioxylon and Dadoxylon.[12][13][8]
Several Dadoxylon species, such as D. brandlingii and D. saxonicum have been identified as Araucarites.[14] D. arberi and D. sp.1 were synonymised with the glossopterid species Australoxylon teixterae and A. natalense, respectively; while D. sp. 2 was transferred to Protophyllocladoxylon.
Species
[edit | edit source]- Agathoxylon arizonicum [=Araucarioxylon arizonicum] Chinle Formation, Arizona, New Mexico, United States Late Triassic
- Agathoxylon africanum (Bamford 1999) [=Araucarioxylon africanum]: Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone, Middleton Formation and Normandien Formation to Cynognathus Assemblage Zone, Burgersdorp Formation and Driekoppen Formation, Beaufort Group, South Africa,[15] and Lebung Group, Botswana[16]
- Agathoxylon agathioides (Kräusel & Jain): La Matilde Formation, Argentina
- Agathoxylon antarcticus (Poole & Cantrill 2001) Pujana et al. 2014 [=A. matildense, Araucarioxylon antarcticus]: Santa Marta Formation and La Meseta Formation, Antarctica[17][18]
- Agathoxylon arberi (Seward 1919) [=Dadoxylon arberi]
- Agathoxylon australe[=Dadoxylon australe]
- Agathoxylon bougheyi Williams [=Dadoxylon bougheyi]: Madumabisa Mudstone Formation, Zambia and Somabula Beds, Zimbabwe[19]
- Agathoxylon cordaianum Hartig 1848
- Agathoxylon desnoyersii (Phillipe 2011) [=Araucarioxylon desnoyersii]
- Agathoxylon duplicatum (Vogellehner 1965) [=Dadoxylon duplicatum]: Germany[20]
- Agathoxylon jamudhiense (Maheshwari 1963) [=Dadoxylon jamudhiense]: India[21]
- Agathoxylon karooensis (Bamford 1999) [=Araucarioxylon karooensis]: Daptocephalus AZ, Middleton and Normandien Formations, South Africa
- Agathoxylon kellerense (Lucas and Lacey 1984) [=Araucarioxylon kellerense, Dadoxylon kellerense]: Santa Marta Formation, Antarctica
- Agathoxylon lemonii Tidwell & Thayn 1986: Dakota Formation, Utah
- Agathoxylon maharashtraensis (Prasad 1982) [=Dadoxylon maharashtraensis]: India[22]
- Agathoxylon parenchymatosum (Vogellehner 1965) [=Araucarioxylon parenchymatosum, Dadoxylon parenchymatosum]: Forest Sandstone Formation, Botswana[23]
- Agathoxylon pseudoparenchymatosum (Gothan 1908) Pujana et al. 2014 [=Araucarioxylon chilense, A. kerguelense, A. novaezeelandii, A. pseudoparenchymatosum, Dadoxylon kaiparaense, D. kergulense, D. pseudoparenchymatosum]: Santa Marta Formation, Antarctica
- Agathoxylon santacruzense Kloster and Gnaedinger 2018: La Matilde Formation, Argentina
- Agathoxylon santalense (Sah & Jain): La Matilde Formation, Argentina
- Agathoxylon sclerosum (Walton) Kräusel 1956 [=Dadoxylon sclerosum, Kaokoxylon sclerosum]: Malay Peninsula,[24] Dwyka Group to Molteno Formation, Stormberg Group, South Africa, and Ntawere Formation, Zambia[25]
- Agathoxylon termieri (Attims) Gnaedinger & Herbst: La Matilde Formation, Argentina
- Agathoxylon ulmitus Iamandei & Iamandei 2004: Romania[26]
- Agathoxylon woodworthii (Knowlton 1899) [=Dadoxylon woodworthii]: United States
Distribution
[edit | edit source]Agathoxylon is common in many parts of the world, found in sites of both Gondwana and Laurasia and reported from southern Africa,[27][28] Asia,[29] the Middle East,[30] Europe,[14] South America,[31][3] and North America.[5]
In southern Africa, Agathoxylon is widespread in the Karoo Supergroup.[32] In Zimbabwe, it is especially encountered in the Pebbly Arkose Formation,[27] and also reported frequently from the Angwa Sandstone Formation.[33][34]
References
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- ^ Pujana, R. R., Wilf, P., & Gandolfo, M. A. (2020). Conifer wood assemblage dominated by Podocarpaceae, early Eocene of Laguna del Hunco, central Argentinean Patagonia. PhytoKeys, 156, 81–102. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.156.54175
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- Araucariaceae
- Paleozoic genus first appearances
- Mesozoic genera
- Late Cretaceous genus extinctions
- Paleozoic life of New Brunswick
- Paleozoic life of Nova Scotia
- Paleozoic life of Prince Edward Island
- Fossils of Antarctica
- Fossils of Argentina
- Fossils of Botswana
- Fossils of Germany
- Fossils of India
- Fossils of Namibia
- Fossils of Romania
- Fossils of South Africa
- Fossils of Turkey
- Fossils of Zambia
- Fossils of Zimbabwe
- Fossil taxa described in 1848
- Prehistoric gymnosperm genera