Urceolina

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Urceolina
File:Urceolina urceolata1CURTIS.jpg
Urceolina urceolata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamily: Amaryllidoideae
Tribe: Eucharideae
Genus: Urceolina
Rchb.
Type species
Urceolina urceolata (Ruiz & Pav.) Asch. & Graebn., syn. Urceolaria pendula Herb., nom. illeg.[1]
Synonyms[2]
  • × Calicharis Meerow
  • Caliphruria Herb.
  • Collania Schult. & Schult.f.
  • Eucharis Planch. & Linden
  • Leperiza Herb.
  • Microdontocharis Baill.
  • Pseudourceolina Vargas
  • × Urceocharis Mast.
  • Urceolaria Herb., nom. illeg.

Urceolina is a genus of South American plants in the amaryllis family native to Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Panama, and Peru.[2][3] It has also been introduced to many South and Central American states, as well as India and Sri Lanka.[2] The formerly accepted genera Eucharis and Caliphruria are now regarded as synonyms of this genus.[2] Many species of this genus share the common name Amazon lily.[4][5]

File:Urceolina × grandiflora (Planch. & Linden) Traub.jpg
Urceolina × grandiflora (Planch. & Linden) Traub bulb with scale bar (20 cm)

Taxonomy

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In 1821, William Herbert published the genus name Urceolaria and transferred Crinum urceolatum to the genus as Urceolaria pendula. However, Herbert's name was illegitimate since the genus name had already been published in 1786 when it was attributed to Juan Ignacio Molina. (Molina's name was later rejected in favour of Sarmienta.) In 1828, Ludwig Reichenbach used the name Urceolina for the genus. This is now a conserved name with the type species being Urceolina urceolata based on Crinum urceolatum.[1]

Phylogeny

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Urceolina is placed in the tribe Eucharideae. Eucharis, whose flower has a conspicuous staminal cup (which is different from the corona of Narcissus), and Caliphruria, whose staminal cup is heavily reduced, were formerly regarded as separate genera within the tribe. A 2020 molecular phylogenetic study showed that these two genera (excluding C. korsakoffii) form a monophyletic clade with Urceolina sensu stricto, sister to Stenomesson:[6]

Eucharideae

Rauhia

Plagiolirion

Stenomesson

Urceolina, Eucharis, most of Caliphruria, and Eucrosia dodsonii

The clade showed extensive ancestral reticulation. The authors of the study placed all the species belonging to the clade in an expanded Urceolina.[6]

Species

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Species of the former genera Eucharis and Caliphruria (except C. korsakoffii, now Stenomesson korsakoffii) as well as Eucrosia dodsonii (now Urceolina dodsonii) have been transferred to this genus.[6] Therefore, Urceolina includes the following species:[2][6]

Hybrids

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Conservation status

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Many of the species of the genus are endangered. For example, Urceolina hartwegiana and U. subedentata are threatened by extinction, and U. tenera is listed as extinct.[8][9]

Cultivation and uses

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Urceolina amazonica, U. × grandiflora, and U. subedentata are the best-known and most generally cultivated species.[10] It is propagated by removing the offsets, which may be done in spring, potting them singly in 15 cm pots. It requires good loamy soil, with enough sand to keep the compost open, and should have a good supply of water. A temperature of 18° to 20 °C during the night, and rising to 25 °C in the day. During summer growth is to be encouraged by repotting, but the plants should afterwards be slightly rested by removal to a night temperature of about 15 °C, water being withheld for a time, though they must not be left dry for too long, the plant being an evergreen. By the turn of the year they may again have more heat and more water, and this will probably induce them to flower.[10] With a stock of the smaller plants to start them in succession, it is possible to have plants in flower all the year round.[10]

References

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  1. ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  2. ^ a b c d e Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  3. ^ Braco, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru: 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  4. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  5. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  6. ^ a b c d Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  7. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  8. ^ Walter, K.S. and Gillett, H.J. [eds] (1998). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants
  9. ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  10. ^ a b c Wikisource One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).

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