Butidae
| Butidae Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
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| Butis butis | |
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| Ophiocara porocephala | |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Gobiiformes |
| Suborder: | Gobioidei |
| Family: | Butidae Bleeker, 1874[1] |
Butidae is a family of sleeper gobies in the order Gobiiformes. The family was formerly classified as a subfamily of the Eleotridae but the 5th Edition of Fishes of the World classifies it as a family in its own right.[2] Molecular phylogenetic analyses have demonstrated that the Butidae are a sister clade to the clade containing the families Gobiidae and Gobionellidae and that the Eleotridae is a sister to both of these clades. This means that the Eloetridae as formerly classified was paraphyletic and that its subfamilies should be raised to the status of families.[3]
The species in the Butidae are largely restricted to tropical and sub-tropical waters of Africa, Asia, Australia, and Oceania. They are especially diverse in New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand where they can be important components of brackish and freshwater ecosystems.[3] They are mostly quite small species but the marbled goby (Oxyeleotris marmorata) is a freshwater species of Buitdae from Southeast Asia that can grow to 65 cm (25.6 in) long and is an important food fish.[4][5]
The earliest known member of the Butidae is the stem group-butid †Carlomonnius Bannikov & Carnevale, 2016 from the Early Eocene-aged Monte Bolca site of Italy. This genus is also the earliest gobioid known from skeletal remains. It was previously considered a gobioid of uncertain affinities[6], but a 2025 study analyzing more specimens found strong evidence for it being closely related to the Butidae. Carlomonnius had a lifestyle unlike any extant butids, being a very small marine genus that inhabited reef environments, suggesting a similar lifestyle to coral gobies of the Gobiidae. This is unlike extant butids, which primarily inhabit freshwater and brackish habitats, with none inhabiting reef ecosystems.[7]
Genera
[edit | edit source]The following genera are classified within the family Butidae:[8]
- Bostrychus Lacépède, 1801
- Butis Bleeker, 1856
- Incara Visweswara Rao, 1971
- Kribia Herre, 1946
- Odonteleotris Gill, 1863
- Ophiocara Gill, 1863
- Oxyeleotris Bleeker, 1874
- Parviparma Herre, 1927
- Pogoneleotris Bleeker, 1875
- Prionobutis Bleeker, 1874
The following fossil genera are also known:
- †Carlomonnius Bannikov & Carnevale, 2016 (Early Eocene of Italy)[7]
- †Lepidocottus Sauvage, 1875 (Early Oligocene to Early Miocene of Italy, France, Germany, and central Europe)[9][7]
References
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