Brycon
| Brycon Temporal range:
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|---|---|
| File:Brycon hilarii.jpg | |
| Brycon hilarii | |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Characiformes |
| Family: | Bryconidae |
| Subfamily: | Bryconinae |
| Genus: | Brycon J. P. Müller & Troschel, 1844[1] |
| Type species | |
| Brycon falcatus J. P. Müller & Troschel, 1844[1]
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Brycon is a genus of freshwater ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Bryconidae, and order Characiformes. The fishes in this genus are found in Central and South America, ranging from southern Mexico to northern Argentina.[2] Despite not being closely related to true trout, they are sometimes called South American trout.[3] Members of the genus may be referred to by a number of other different common names in various languages. They reach a maximum length of 11.9–79.5 cm (4.7–31.3 in), depending on the species involved.[2] Some species perform seasonal breeding migrations.[4]
They feed heavily on fruits and seeds, but also take other plant material, invertebrates, and small fish.[5][6] Their food is typically taken from the water, but they are able to jump out of the water to "pluck" low-hanging seeds and fruits directly from trees.[3] Some seeds are crushed when eaten, but may also pass undamaged through the fish, making them seed dispersers.[3][5][6]
Brycon support important fisheries, and, based on a review by IBAMA, they are the fifth most caught fish by weight in the Brazilian Amazon.[4]
One fossil member of this genus is known in †Brycon avus (Woodward, 1898) from the Oligocene-aged Tremembé Formation of Brazil.[7][8] A slightly older potential specimen of B. avus is also known from the Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of the Aiuruoca Basin.[9]
Taxonomy
[edit | edit source]Cladistically, Brycon is a non-monophyletic genus; some of the species in this genus are actually genetically and morphologically closer to Chilobrycon and Henochilus than to the type species, Brycon falcatus. Thus, phylogenetic analyses using cladistics have rendered Brycon to be paraphyletic or even polyphyletic, and have recommended taxonomic review of the genus.[10][11] The clades within Brycon are grouped based on biogeographic evidence: in prehistory, vicariance lead to the speciation of a trans-Andean "Pacific clade" which also inhabits Central America; the other major clade is the cis-Andean + Magdalena-Cauca Basin clade which includes Brycon falcatus. The latter clades with species of Salminus and thus are closer to them than they are to the other Brycon clade.[12]
Species
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Brycon contains the following valid species:[13]
- Brycon gouldingi (Günther, 1860)
- [[(Kner, 1863)|(Kner, 1863)]] Lima, 2004
- Brycon guatemalensis Regan, 1908
- Brycon henni Brycon behreae
- C. H. Eigenmann, 1913 Brycon hilarii
- [[(Valenciennes, 1850)|(Valenciennes, 1850)]] Brycon howesi
- Hildebrand, 1938 Lima, 2017
- Brycon insignis Steindachner, 1877
- Brycon medemi Brycon chagrensis
- Dahl, 1960 Brycon meeki
- Eigenmann & Hildebrand, 1918 Brycon amazonicus
- (Kner, 1863) (Cope, 1872)
- Brycon moorei Steindachner, 1878
- Brycon nattereri Brycon coquenani
- Günther, 1864 Brycon obscurus
- Hildebrand, 1938 Brycon oligolepis
- Steindachner, 1915 Regan, 1913
- Brycon opalinus (Cuvier, 1819)
- Brycon orbignyanus Brycon costaricensis
- (Valenciennes, 1850) Brycon orthotaenia
- Günther, 1864 Brycon alburnus
- [[(Agassiz, 1829)|(Agassiz, 1829)]] Angulo & Gracian-Negrete, 2013
- J. P. Müller & Troschel, 1845 Brycon petrosus
- Meek & Hildebrand, 1913 Brycon coxeyi
- Moscó Morales 1988 Brycon posadae
- Fowler, 1945 Fowler, 1943
- Steindachner, 1879 Brycon sinuensis
- Dahl, 1955 Brycon dentex
- Steindachner, 1879 Brycon striatulus
- Brycon argenteus Günther, 1860
- Moscó Morales, 1988 Brycon vermelha
- [[Lima & Castro, 2000]] Brycon devillei
- Lima, 2017 Brycon whitei
- Myers & Weitzman 1960 (Castelnau, 1855)
- Brycon dulcis Meek & Hildebrand, 1913
- Lima & Vieira, 2017 Brycon falcatus
- J. P. Müller & Troschel, 1844 Brycon ferox
- Brycon atrocaudatus Steindachner, 1877
- Brycon vonoi Brycon unicolor
- (Kner, 1863) Brycon fowleri
- Brycon stolzmanni Brycon rubricauda
- Brycon polylepis Dahl, 1955
- Brycon pesu Brycon melanopterus
Cladogram
[edit | edit source]The following cladogram based on a 2014 maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Bryconidae.[14] It recovers the consensus that Brycon is not monophyletic as the genus encompasses multiple lineages:[12]
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References
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- ^ a b Araujo-Lima, C.A.R.M.; and M.L. Ruffino (2003). Migratory Fishes of the Brazilian Amazon. Pp. 233—302 in: Carolsfeld, J.; B. Harvey; C. Ross; and A. Baer (editors). Migratory Fishes of South America. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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