Boruca language
| Boruca | |
|---|---|
| Bronca | |
| Native to | Costa Rica |
| Ethnicity | 1,000 Boruca people (1991)[1] |
Native speakers | 3 (2007)[1] |
Chibchan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | brn |
| Glottolog | boru1252 |
| ELP | Lua error in Module:Endangered_Languages_Project at line 21: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
The Boruca language (in Boruca: Brúnkajk;[2] also known as Bronka, Bronca, Brunca) is the native language of the Boruca people of Costa Rica. Boruca belongs to the Isthmian branch of the Chibchan languages. Though exact speaker numbers are uncertain, UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger has listed Boruca as "critically endangered".[2][3] It was spoken fluently by only five women in 1986, while 30 to 35 others spoke it non-fluently. The rest of the tribe's 1,000 members speak Spanish.
Boruca is taught as a second language at the local primary school Escuela Doris Z. Stone. One can hear Bronka words and phrases mixed into Spanish conversations but it is extremely rare to hear prolonged exchanges in Bronka.
Grammar
[edit | edit source]The personal pronouns in Boruca (the ᵛ represents a glottal stop.)[4]
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | át | diᵛ / diᵛ rójc |
| 2nd | bá | biᵛ / biᵛ rójc |
| 3rd | i | i rójc / iᵛ rójc |
The numbers (the "n̈", "n" with the diaeresis "¨" on top may be unavailable in some fonts, it represents a slightly different sound from the normal n or ñ.)[5]
| Numbers | Bronka |
|---|---|
| 1 | éᵛxe, éᵛxi |
| 2 | búᵛc |
| 3 | man̈ |
| 4 | bájcan̈ |
| 5 | shishcán̈ |
| 6 | téshan |
| 7 | cúj, cújc |
| 8 | éjtan̈ |
| 9 | cújtan̈, éjcuj |
| 10 | téjcuj, cróshtan̈, búᵛc cúj |
Greetings
[edit | edit source]- ¿Ishójcre rában? 'What's up?'
- Morén, morén. 'Fine, well.'[6]
See also
[edit | edit source]References
[edit | edit source]- ^ a b Boruca at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ UNESCO. “UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger”. 2017. http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php.
- ^ Quesada Pacheco 1995, p. 33.
- ^ Quesada Pacheco 1995, p. 82.
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
Bibliography
[edit | edit source]- Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
External links
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