Borno Emirate
Borno Emirate
Borno, Bornu | |
|---|---|
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| Country | File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria |
| State | Borno State |
| Founded | 1902 |
| Seat | Monguno (1902–1903) Kukawa (1903–1907) Maiduguri (1907–present) |
| Government | |
| • Shehu | Abubakar ibn Umar Garba el-Kanemi |
The Borno Emirate,[1] also known as the Borno Sultanate[1] or Bornu Emirate,[2] is a traditional state located in Borno State, Nigeria. The emirate is a remnant of the regime of the old Kanem–Bornu Empire, ruled by dynasts of the final Bornoan ruling dynasty (the al-Kanemi dynasty). The rulers of the Borno Emirate serve as ceremonial leaders, preserving political and cultural continuity with the old empire.[3] They have continued to be styled as the shehus of Borno, continuing an imperial line established by Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi in the early 19th century.
The Borno Emirate encompasses fifteen Local Government Areas (Abadam, Chibok, Gubio, Guzamala, Jere, Kaga, Konduga, Kukawa, Mafa, Magumeri, Maiduguri, Marte, Mobbar, Monguno, and Nganzai).[4]
Background
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The al-Kanemi dynasty traces its rule to the early 19th century, when Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi (r. 1814–1837) and his son Umar Kura (r. 1837–1881) supplanted the previous ruling lineage of the Kanem–Bornu Empire, the mais of the Sayfawa dynasty.[5][6]
In 1893–1894, the empire was conquered by the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr, who destroyed the al-Kanemi capital of Kukawa[7] and instead selected Dikwa as his seat.[6] Rabih was defeated by joint Bornoan and French forces in 1900, whereafter the French installed the al-Kanemi dynasty Sanda Kura as shehu at Dikwa.[8] Sanda Kura proved dissatisfactory to the French colonial authorities and was soon replaced with his brother Abubakar Garbai.[8]
In 1902, Abubakar Garbai accepted becoming the figurehead ruler of British Borno and left Dikwa, whereafter the entire former empire fell under colonial control.[8] Garbai and his successors came to govern the traditional state that is today known as the Borno Emirate,[9] ruling from Maiduguri since 1907.[7][10] Garbai left Dikwa in the hands of his relative Sanda Mandarama,[8] whose successors governed the Dikwa Emirate.[9]
Rulers
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| No. | Name | Tenure | Succession, notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15[a] | Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahim Kura al-Kanemi (Abubakar Garbai) | 1902–1922 | Last sovereign of the Kanem–Bornu Empire before 1902 |
| 16 | Umar Sanda ibn Ibrahim Kura al-Kanemi (Sanda Kura) | 1922–1937 | Brother of Abubakar Garbai, previously sovereign shehu in 1900 |
| 17 | Umar ibn Muhammad al-Kanemi (Sanda Kyarimi) | 1937–1968 | Son of Kyari (shehu of Borno 1893–1894) |
| 18 | Umar ibn Abubakar Garbai al-Kanemi | 1968–1974 | Son of Abubakar Garbai |
| 19 | Mustafa ibn Umar el-Kanemi | 1975–2009 | Son of Sanda Kyarimi |
| 20 | Abubakar ibn Umar Garba el-Kanemi | 2009–present | Son of Umar ibn Abubakar Garbai al-Kanemi |
Notes
[edit | edit source]- ^ The numbering of the shehus of Borno continues the enumeration of the shehus who ruled the Kanem–Bornu Empire. See the List of shehus of Bornu for details.
References
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