Bokar language
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| Bokar | |
|---|---|
| Bokar-Ramo | |
| Region | Arunachal Pradesh, Tibet |
| Ethnicity | Lhoba |
Sino-Tibetan
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| Dialects |
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| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | boka1249 |
| ELP | Lua error in Module:Endangered_Languages_Project at line 21: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
 Bokar is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. | |
Bokar or Bokar-Ramo (IPA: [bɔk˭ar ɡɔm]; pinyin: Bogar Luoba) is a Tani language spoken by the Lhoba in West Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh, India (Megu 1990) and Nanyi Township 南伊珞巴民族乡, Mainling County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China (Ouyang 1985).
The Ramo dialect is spoken in Mechukha Subdivision and Monigong Circle (Badu 2004).
Phonology
[edit | edit source]Consonants
[edit | edit source]| Labial | Alveolar | (Alveolo-) palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | ||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | pʲ | t | k | ||
| voiced | b | bʲ | d | ɡ | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | tɕ | |||||
| voiced | dʑ | ||||||
| Fricative | (s) | ɕ | h, (ɦ) | ||||
| Nasal | m | mʲ | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||||
- The pronunciation of /ɕ/ may vary between [ɕ] and [s] among different dialects.
- Some speakers may also pronounce /tɕ/ as [ts] when preceding vowels other than /i/.
- /h/ can be realized as either voiced [ɦ] or [h], when preceding /i/.
- Stops /p t k/ are heard as unreleased [p̚ t̚ k̚] in word-coda position.
- A retroflex affricate /tʂ/ can also occur only from Tibetan loanwords.[1][2]
Vowels
[edit | edit source]| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | (ɨ) | ɯ | u |
| Mid | e | ə | o | |
| Open | a | |||
- /ɯ/ can also be heard as more central [ɨ].[3]
- /o/ is heard as more open and nasalized before /ŋ/ as [ɔ̃ŋ].
Writing system
[edit | edit source]Bokar is written in the Latin script in India and the Tibetan script in China.[4]
References
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- Badu, Tapoli. 2004. Ramo language guide. Itanagar: Directorate of Research, Government of Arunachal Pradesh.
- Ouyang, Jueya. 1985. Luobazu Yuyan Jianzhi (Bengni-Boga'eryu) [Brief Description of the Luoba Nationality Language (The Bengni-Bokar Language)]. Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe.
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
|  | |||
| Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border |
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| East and Southeast Asia |
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| Dubious (possible isolates, Arunachal) |
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| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
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