Azure jay
| Azure jay | |
|---|---|
| File:Cyanocorax caeruleus.jpg | |
| In Curitiba, Brazil | |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Corvidae |
| Genus: | Cyanocorax |
| Species: | C. caeruleus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Cyanocorax caeruleus (Vieillot, 1818)
| |
| File:Cyanocorax caeruleus map.svg | |
| Approximate distribution in green | |
The azure jay (Cyanocorax caeruleus) (Brazilian Portuguese: gralha-azul[2]) is a Near Threatened species of passeriform bird in the family Corvidae, the crows and jays.[1][3] It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and possibly Paraguay and Uruguay.[2][4]
Taxonomy and systematics
[edit | edit source]The azure jay was originally described in 1818 as Pica caerulea, mistakenly identifying it as a magpie.[5] The specific epithet's ending was changed to the masculine "us" to agree with the gender of genus Cyanocorax. However, taxonomic systems do not agree on its spelling. AviList and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World use caeruleus.[6][7] The IOC, the Clements taxonomy, and the independent South American Classification Committee (SACC) spell it coeruleus.[3][8][9] This article uses the latter spelling.
The azure jay is monotypic.[3] Some authors treat the azure jay and the purplish jay (C. cyanomelas) as a superspecies.[9]
Description
[edit | edit source]The azure jay is 38 to 40 cm (15 to 16 in) long; one individual weighed 272 g (9.6 oz). The sexes have the same plumage that includes a short bushy crest on the forecrown. Adults have a sooty or black head, neck, and upper breast. The rest of their plumage is somewhat variable, with cobalt-blue, purplish blue, and greenish blue individuals. They have a dark brown iris, a black bill, and black legs and feet.[2][10]
Distribution and habitat
[edit | edit source]The azure jay is found in Brazil from southern São Paulo south through Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul almost to Uruguay.[2][10] Its range continues into the northeastern Argentinian provinces of Formosa, Chaco, Corrientes, and Misiones.[11] Most sources include eastern Paraguay in its range.[3][6][8] There are historical records there whose identification is disputed and sight records from the late 1900s.[2] The SACC has no records in that country but includes Uruguay in its range.[4] BirdLife International includes Uruguay and questions its presence in Paraguay.[1]
The azure jay inhabits humid evergreen forest, especially that dominated by Araucaria species.[2][10] In elevation it ranges from sea level to 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[10]
Behavior
[edit | edit source]Movement
[edit | edit source]The azure jay is a year-round resident.[1]
Feeding
[edit | edit source]The azure jay is omnivorous but its diet has not been fully described. However, it appears to feed heavily on Araucaria fruits and seeds, and "plays an important role in [its] seed dispersal". It also is known to feed on other fruits, arthropods, small mammals, and eggs, and has been observed scavenging from a fresh cow carcass. It forages in small flocks that sometimes inclue plush-crested jays (C. chryops).[2]
Breeding
[edit | edit source]The azure jay's breeding season spans October to March. It is believed to be a cooperative breeder. Its nest is a flat cup made from twigs lined with softer roots. The clutch is four eggs that are greenish blue with gray and brown spots. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology.[2]
Vocalization
[edit | edit source]The azure jay has a wide variety of vocalizations, the most prominent of which is shrill and is written "Kiaahh- kiaahh- kiaahh".[2]
Status
[edit | edit source]The IUCN originally in 1988 assessed the azure jay as Threatened and since 1994 as Near Threatened. Its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. "Agricultural conversion and deforestation for mining and plantation production historically threaten its habitat, with current key threats from urbanisation, industrialisation, agricultural expansion, colonisation and associated road-building."[1] It is considered "frequent to uncommon" in Brazil.[10]
References
[edit | edit source]- ^ a b c d e Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Brady, S. (2020). Azure Jay (Cyanocorax caeruleus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.azujay1.01 retrieved December 12, 2025
- ^ a b c d Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, D. F. Lane, L, N. Naka, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 29 November 2025. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. South American Classification Committee associated with the International Ornithologists' Union. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved November 30, 2025
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ a b AviList Core Team. 2025. AviList: The Global Avian Checklist, v2025. https://doi.org/10.2173/avilist.v2025 retrieved June 11, 2025
- ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2025). Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 10. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/about-our-science/taxonomy#birdlife-s-taxonomic-checklist retrieved October 12, 2025
- ^ a b Clements, J. F., P. C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, M. Smith, and C. L. Wood. 2025. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2025. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 3, 2025
- ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, D. F. Lane, L, N. Naka, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 29 November 2025. A classification of the bird species of South America. South American Classification Committee associated with the International Ornithologists' Union. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved November 30, 2025
- ^ a b c d e Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
External links
[edit | edit source]
- Cyanocorax caeruleus - azure jay specimen(s) in the ZMA
- A lenda da Gralha Azul The legend of the Blue Jay in Portuguese (Internet Archive copy)
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