Apocynum cannabinum

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Apocynum cannabinum
File:Apocynum-cannibinum 8973014557 o 2.jpg
Apocynum cannabinum in flower
Scientific classification Error creating thumbnail:
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Genus: Apocynum
Species:
A. cannabinum
Binomial name
Apocynum cannabinum
map of North America with most states and provinces shaded green
Natural range in North America[2]
Synonyms[3]
  • Cynopaema cannabinum

Apocynum cannabinum (dogbane, amy root, hemp dogbane, prairie dogbane, Indian hemp, hemp dogsbane, rheumatism root, dogsbane, or wild cotton)[4] is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows throughout much of North America—in the southern half of Canada and throughout the United States. It is poisonous to humans, dogs, cats, and horses. All parts of the plant contain toxic cardiac glycosides that can cause potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias if ingested. Some Lepidoptera can withstand the toxins and feed on this plant.

Description

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Apocynum cannabinum grows up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall. The stems are reddish and contain a milky latex. The leaves are opposite, simple, broad, and lanceolate, 7–15 cm (2+3⁄4–6 in) long and 3–5 cm (1+1⁄4–2 in) broad, entire, and smooth on top with white hairs on the underside. It flowers from July to August, has large sepals, and a five-lobed white corolla. The flowers are hermaphrodite, with both male and female organs.[5] The seeds have white, silky hairs to aid in wind dispersal, but the light-weight seed is also able to disperse via water due to its light weight.[6] The root system consists of short rhizomes and horizontal roots.[6]

File:Apocynum cannabinum 20100904b.jpg
Apocynum cannabinum fruits and seeds

Taxonomy

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Apocynum cannabinum was described and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It is classified in the genus Apocynum, a part of the family Apocynaceae. It has no accepted subspecies, but it has 90 synonyms.[3]

Table of Synonyms
Name Year Rank Notes
Apocynum album Greene 1897 species = het.
Apocynum angustifolium Wooton 1913 species = het., nom. illeg.
Apocynum arenarium Greene 1912 species = het.
Apocynum bebbianum Greene 1912 species = het.
Apocynum bolanderi Greene 1912 species = het.
Apocynum breweri Greene 1912 species = het.
Apocynum canadense Shecut 1806 species = het.
Apocynum cannabinum var. album (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky 1913 variety = het.
Apocynum cannabinum var. angustifolium N.H.Holmgren 1984 variety = het.
Apocynum cannabinum f. arenarium (Greene) B.Boivin 1966 form = het.
Apocynum cannabinum var. bolanderi (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky 1913 variety = het.
Apocynum cannabinum subsp. cordigerum (Greene) Á.Löve & D.Löve 1982 subspecies = het.
Apocynum cannabinum var. estellinum (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky 1913 variety = het.
Apocynum cannabinum var. floribundum Bég. & Belosersky 1913 variety = het.
Apocynum cannabinum var. glaberrimum A.DC. 1844 variety = het.
Apocynum cannabinum var. greeneanum (Bég. & Belosersky) Woodson 1930 variety = het.
Apocynum cannabinum var. hypericifolium (Aiton) A.Gray 1848 variety = het.
Apocynum cannabinum var. incanum Bég. & Belosersky 1913 variety = het.
Apocynum cannabinum var. isophyllum (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky 1913 variety = het.
Apocynum cannabinum var. lanceolatum Durand & Hilg. 1854 variety = het.
Apocynum cannabinum var. nemorale (G.S.Mill.) Fernald 1908 variety = het.
Apocynum cannabinum var. oliganthum Bég. & Belosersky 1913 variety = het.
Apocynum cannabinum var. palustre Bég. & Belosersky 1913 variety = het.
Apocynum cannabinum f. pennsilvanicum Bég. & Belosersky 1913 form = het.
Apocynum cannabinum var. puberulum Bég. & Belosersky 1913 variety = het.
Apocynum cannabinum f. pubescens (Mitch. ex R.Br.) Voss 1894 form = het.
Apocynum cannabinum var. pubescens (Mitch. ex R.Br.) A.DC. 1844 variety = het.
Apocynum cannabinum var. suksdorfii (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky 1913 variety = het.
Apocynum cannabinum var. typicum Bég. & Belosersky 1913 variety ≡ hom., not validly publ.
Apocynum carolinii Nieuwl. 1913 species = het.
Apocynum cervinum Greene 1912 species = het.
Apocynum cinereum Nieuwl. 1913 species = het., nom. illeg.
Apocynum cordigerum Greene 1911 species = het.
Apocynum cuspidatum Greene ex Bég. & Belosersky 1913 species = het.
Apocynum densiflorum Greene 1912 species = het.
Apocynum dictyotum Greene 1912 species = het.
Apocynum dimidiatum Raf. 1840 species = het.
Apocynum estellinum Greene 1912 species = het.
Apocynum farwellii Greene 1912 species = het.
Apocynum farwellii f. anomalum Farw. 1916 form = het.
Apocynum farwellii var. glaucum Farw. 1916 variety = het.
Apocynum farwellii f. ternarium Farw. 1916 form = het.
Apocynum farwellii f. verticillare Farw. 1916 form = het.
Apocynum greeneanum Bég. & Belosersky 1913 species = het.
Apocynum hypericifolium Aiton 1789 species = het.
Apocynum hypericifolium var. angustifolium Bég. & Belosersky 1913 variety = het.
Apocynum hypericifolium f. arenarium (Greene) F.C.Gates 1911 form = het.
Apocynum hypericifolium var. cordigerum (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky 1913 variety = het.
Apocynum hypericifolium var. farwellii (Greene) Woodson 1930 variety = het.
Apocynum hypericifolium var. intermedium Bég. & Belosersky 1913 variety = het.
Apocynum hypericifolium var. myrianthum (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky 1913 variety = het.
Apocynum hypericifolium var. nevadense (Goodd.) Bég. & Belosersky 1913 variety = het.
Apocynum hypericifolium var. oblongum (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky 1913 variety = het.
Apocynum hypericifolium var. salignum (Greene) Bég. & Belosersky 1913 variety = het.
Apocynum hypericifolium var. typicum Bég. & Belosersky 1913 variety = het., not validly publ.
Apocynum isophyllum Greene 1912 species = het.
Apocynum ithacense Greene 1912 species = het.
Apocynum laurinum Greene 1902 species = het.
Apocynum littorale Greene 1912 species = het.
Apocynum longifolium Greene 1912 species = het.
Apocynum macounii Greene ex Bég. & Belosersky 1913 species = het.
Apocynum missouriense Greene 1912 species = het.
Apocynum myrianthum Greene 1904 species = het.
Apocynum nemorale G.S.Mill. 1900 species = het.
Apocynum neogeum Bég. & Belosersky 1913 species = het.
Apocynum nevadense Goodd. 1904 species = het.
Apocynum oblongum Greene 1902 species = het.
Apocynum oliganthum Greene 1904 species = het.
Apocynum palustre Greene 1904 species = het.
Apocynum piscatorium Douglas ex A.DC 1844 species = het.
Apocynum platyphyllum Greene 1912 species = het.
Apocynum procerum Greene 1912 species = het.
Apocynum pubescens Mitch. ex R.Br. 1811 species = het.
Apocynum purpureum Tausch 1836 species = het.
Apocynum salignum Greene 1902 species = het.
Apocynum sibiricum Jacq. 1777 species = het.
Apocynum sibiricum f. arenarium (Greene) Fernald 1935 form = het.
Apocynum sibiricum var. cordigerum (Greene) Fernald 1935 variety = het.
Apocynum sibiricum var. farwellii (Greene) Woodson 1938 variety = het.
Apocynum sibiricum var. salignum (Greene) Fernald 1935 variety = het.
Apocynum subuligerum Greene 1912 species = het.
Apocynum suksdorfii Greene 1902 species = het.
Apocynum suksdorfii var. angustifolium (Bég. & Belosersky) Woodson 1930 variety = het.
Apocynum suksdorfii var. typicum Greene 1902 variety = het., not validly publ.
Apocynum thermale Greene 1912 species = het.
Apocynum tomentulosum Nieuwl. 1913 species = het.
Apocynum venetum A.DC. 1844 species = het., nom. illeg.
Cynopaema cannabinum (L.) Lunell 1916 species ≡ hom.
Cynopaema hypericifolium (Aiton) Lunell 1916 species = het.
Forsteronia pavonii A.DC. 1844 species = het.
Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym; = heterotypic synonym

Etymology

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Apocynum means "poisonous to dogs".[citation needed] The specific epithet cannabinum, and the common names hemp dogbane and Indian hemp refer to its similarity to Cannabis as a source of fiber.[7] It likely got its name from its resemblance to a European species of the same name.[which?][8] It is called qéemu [qǽːmu] in Nez Perce[9] and [taxʷɨ́s] in Sahaptin.[citation needed] The Maidu Concow people call the plant pö (Konkow language).[10]

Distribution and habitat

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Apocynum cannabinum grows in open wooded areas, ditches, and hillsides. It is found in gravelly or sandy soil, mainly near streams in shady or moist places.[5] It is also found in human-disturbed habitats.[11] It is native to much of North America—in the southern half of Canada and throughout the United States.[2]

Ecology

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File:Apocynum cannabinum 4.jpg
Apocynum cannabinum flowers

The plant serves as a larval host for the snowberry clearwing (Hemaris diffinis),[12] which is a pollinator that resembles a small hummingbird.[13] It is also a host plant for the dogbane tiger moth (Cycnia tenera) and the zebra caterpillar (Melanchra picta). The larvae of Marmara apocynella[12] feed on the stems, making a "long whitish serpentine mine".[14] Indian hemp is primarily pollinated by insects that are attracted to the fragrance and nectar of the flower.[6]

Toxicity

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It is poisonous to humans,[5] dogs, cats, and horses.[15] All parts of the plant are toxic and contain cardiac glycosides.[5] The plant is toxic both green and dried.[16] The stems contain a white sap capable of causing skin blisters.[17]

Uses

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Fiber

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Much like flax and hemp, Apocynum cannabinum contains long fibers in the stems, known as bast fibers, which can be extracted and used to create textiles. The fibers are very fine and strong, with a silky texture, and easier to process than hemp.[7] The stalks of this plant have been used as a source of fiber by Native Americans[18] to make bows, fire-bows, nets, tie-down straps, hunting nets, fishing lines, bags,[19] and clothing.[8] According to Craig Bates of the Yosemite Museum, five stalks of the plant are needed to make one foot of cordage. A large bag used for storing roots would take one to three months to complete.[20] The stems should be harvested in the fall, after the leaves have fallen and the stalks have turned a deep reddish-brown color. Since cutting the stalks promotes regrowth in the spring, as much as possible should be harvested. Unused stems are traditionally cleared away by burning, which causes the plant to grow back taller and straighter in spring.

Food

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The seeds have an edible use as a meal (raw or cooked) when ground into a powder.[5]

Chewing gum

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The plant's latex sap can be squeezed from the plant and allowed to stand overnight to harden into a white gum which can be used (sometimes mixed with clean clay) as chewing gum.[5]

Phytoremediation

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Apocynum cannabinum can be used to sequester lead in its biomass by taking it up from the soil through its roots. This process, called phytoremediation, could help clean sites contaminated with lead.[21]

Medicinal

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File:Apocynum cannabinum 7.jpg
Apocynum cannabinum showing sap from a broken leaf

It is used in herbal medicine to treat fever and to slow the pulse.[22] Apocynum cannabinum has been employed by various Native American tribes to treat a wide variety of complaints including rheumatism, coughs, pox, whooping cough, asthma, internal parasites, diarrhea, and to increase lactation.[5] The root has been used as a tonic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, an emetic (to induce vomiting), and an expectorant.[22][5] It is harvested in the autumn and dried for later use. The fresh root is medicinally the most active part. A weak tea made from the dried root has been used for cardiac diseases and as a vermifuge (an agent that expels parasitic worms). The milky sap is a folk remedy for genital warts.[5] However, both illness and deaths have resulted from use as a medicine.[23]

References

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Further reading

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  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Davis, A.; Renner, K.; Sprague, C.; Dyer, L.; Mutch, D. (2005) "Integrated Weed Management: One Year's Seeding." Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-2931. East Lansing, Michigan. Accession Number LTER62246.
  • Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
  • Native American Ethnobotany DB: Apocynum cannabinum
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File:Wikiversity logo 2017.svg
Wikiversity has bloom time data for Apocynum cannabinum on the Bloom Clock

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