Amphidiscosida
| Amphidiscosida Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| "Pheronema carpenteri" on exhibit in Naturmuseum Senckenberg | |
| Specimen of Pheronema carpenteri on exhibit in Naturmuseum Senckenberg | |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Porifera |
| Class: | Hexactinellida |
| Subclass: | Amphidiscophora Schulze, 1886 |
| Order: | Amphidiscosida Schrammen, 1924[1] |
Amphidiscosida (sometimes spelled Amphidiscosa)[2][3] is an order of hexactinellids (glass sponges). The Amphidiscosida are commonly regarded as the only living sponges in the subclass Amphidiscophora.[4][5]
As the name implies, the Amphidiscosida are characterized by a special type of microsclere (microscopic spicules): amphidiscs. Amphidiscs are rod-like spicules with an equal-sized umbel (a whorl of backswept hooks) at each end. The skeleton is primarily formed by megascleres (large spicules). In living species, most megascleres are pentactinal (five-rayed), though fossil species often have a more diverse set of megascleres.[2] Amphidiscosids are often covered with prostalia (bristles), formed by single-rayed spicules. In a few species, basalia (long rooting bristles) in the lower part of the body are bundled together to suspend the body above the seabed as an anchoring structure.[2][6]
The oldest fossilized amphidiscs are from the Carboniferous, but sponge fossils with spicules similar to Amphidiscosida have existed since the Cambrian period.[2][3] Three families still flourish in deep marine waters today.
Families
[edit | edit source]- Hyalonematidae Gray, 1857[7]
- Monorhaphididae Ijima, 1927[8]
- †Pattersoniidae Miller, 1889 [Middle Ordovician–Upper Ordovician][2]
- †Pelicaspongiidae Rigby, 1970 [Lower Ordovician–Triassic][2]
- Pheronematidae Gray, 1870[9]
- †Stiodermatidae Finks, 1960 [Lower Cambrian–Permian][2][3]
References
[edit | edit source]- ^ Schrammen, A. (1924). Die Kieselspongien der oberen Kreide von Nordwestdeutschland. Volume 3. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger.
- ^ a b c d e f g Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volume 3: Classes Demospongea, Hexactinellida, Heteractinida & Calcarea, xxxi + 872 p., 506 fig., 1 table, 2004, available here. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
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- ^ Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volume 2: Introduction to the Porifera, xxvii + 349 p., 135 fig., 10 tables, 2003, available here. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value)..
- ^ Gray, J. E. (1857). Synopsis of the families and genera of axiferous zoophytes or barked corals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 25(1), 278–294.
- ^ Ijima, I. (1927). The Hexactinellida of the Siboga Expedition. In Weber, M. (Ed.), Siboga-Expeditie (1–383). Leiden: E. J. Brill.
- ^ Gray, J. E. (1870). Notes on anchoring sponges (in a letter to Mr. Moore). The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, [4]6(34), 309–312.
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