2nd Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement
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Second Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement on 5–10 October 1964 in Cairo, United Arab Republic (Egypt) was the second conference of the Non-Aligned Movement which followed the Belgrade Conference of 1961 and preceded the Lusaka Conference of 1970. The city of Cairo was selected as a host of the summit conference at the preparatory meeting held in Colombo, Ceylon, on March 23, 1964.[1] At the beginning of the conference the chairmanship of the Movement was transferred from the President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito to the President of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser.[2]
In his opening remarks Nasser noticed changed international context since the first summit in Belgrade in 1961.[3] Explaining how non-alignement is not the third bloc but instead opposition to bloc divisions and is active rather than passive policy, he called to abolition of direct and hidden imperialism, action regarding socioeconomic inequalities and prevention of future obstructions by major powers of historical, political, social and cultural development among people streaming towards freedom.[3]
President of Indonesia Sukarno noticed peaceful coexistence among major powers whose direct confrontation would lead to mutual destruction.[3] He nevertheless identified lack or even worsening security situation for developing countries, particularly in Southeast Asia, Middle East, Cyprus, Congo and Latin America.[3] President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito welcomed participation of new countries which should lead to wider emancipation of non-alignement, policy of peace and coexistence.[3] He called for strengthening of international peace and definitive abolition of colonialism, international disarmament and more equal development.[3] President of Ghana Kwame Nkrumah identified four major causes of internal tensions to be the division of Germany and Berlin, anticolonial liberation struggles for equality, Cold War ideological divisions and finally by the superpower armament.[3] Prime Minister of India underlined five steps for non-aligned action including nuclear disarmament, peaceful resolution of border disputes, freedom from foreign domination, aggression, subversion and racial discrimination, faster development and full support for the United Nations.[3] President of Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile Holden Roberto affirmed how there can be no peace in a country whose people are exposed to oppression.[3]
Issues discussed
[edit | edit source]Universalist and Regionalist approach to membership
[edit | edit source]One of the prominent issues resolved at the Cairo conference was the disagreement on membership in the movement where Yugoslavia advocated for universalist approach (in which movement would be open to all the non-aligned countries regardless of geography, notably in Europe and Latin America) while Indonesia at the time advocated for a narrower Afro-Asian regionalism.[4] The Indonesian approach, strongly supported by China, wanted to use Non-Alignement as a continuation of the regionalist Bandung Conference.[4] At the time, the two approaches both overlapped and competed with Indonesian-Chinese plan to organize the Second Bandung Conference in late 1963 or early 1964 and Indian, Egyptian and Yugoslav plan for the second Non-Aligned conference.[4] Indonesia and China strongly criticized the idea of the Non-Aligned conference as counterproductive to Bandung while Prime Minister of Sri Lanka Sirimavo Bandaranaike confronted those criticisms by stressing indivisibility of the World peace.[4] The situation created parallelism in initiatives with preparatory meeting for the Second Non-Aligned Summit taking place in Colombo and the Second Bandung preparatory meeting taking place with delay in Jakarta.[4] The Second Bandung preparatory meeting was ultimatelly supported only by Ghana, Iran, Cambodia, Guinea and Mali in which Cambodia, Guinea and Mali supported both initiatives.[4] Participants of the second Bandung preparatory meeting proposed that the second meeting should take place in Africa on 10 March 1965 in a country determined by the Organization of African Unity yet it never took place due to Sino-Soviet split and 1965 Algerian coup d'état.[5][4]
Participants
[edit | edit source]57 countries participated in the summit, 10 of which had the observer status.[3] All 25 countries participating in Belgrade Conference were invited to attend the conference in Cairo as well as all Charter of the Organization of African Unity parties, Arab countries in attendance of the 1964 Arab League Summit as well as Malawi, Laos, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela, Austria, Finland, and Sweden while invitation of Zambia and British Guiana was conditioned on the declaration of independence by October 1964.[1] Provisional government of Holden Roberto and other African provisional governments were invited as well.[1] 26 countries were represented by their respective head of state and 10 by head of government.[3]
Member States
[edit | edit source]Following countries participated as a full member states.[6]
- File:Flag of Afghanistan (1931–1973).svg Afghanistan (Mohammed Yusuf, Prime Minister of Afghanistan[3])
- File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria (Ahmed Ben Bella, President of Algeria[3])
- File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola (Holden Roberto, President of the Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile[3])
- File:Flag of Burma (1948–1974).svg Burma (U Ti Han, Foreign Affairs Minister[3])
- File:Flag of Burundi (1962–1966).svg Burundi (Albin Nyamoya, Prime Minister of Burundi[3])
- File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia (Norodom Kantol, President of the Royal Government[3])
- File:Flag of Cameroon (1961-1975).svg Cameroon (Ahmadou Ahidjo, President of Cameroon[3])
- File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic (Marcel Douzima: State Secretary[3])
- File:Flag of Ceylon.svg Ceylon (Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Prime Minister of Ceylon[3])
- File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad (Jacques Baroum, Health Minister[3])
- File:Flag of the People's Republic of the Congo.svg PR Congo (Alphonse Massamba-Débat, President of the Republic of the Congo[3])
- File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba (Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado, President of Cuba[3])
- File:Flag of Cyprus (1960–2006).svg Cyprus (Archbishop Makarios, President of Cyprus[3])
- File:Flag of Benin.svg Dahomey (Sourou Migan Apithy, President of Dahomey[3])
- File:Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg Ethiopia (Haile Selassie: Emperor of Ethiopia[3])
- File:Ghana flag 1964.svg Ghana (Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana[3])
- File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea (Ahmed Sekou Toure, President of Guinea[3])
- File:Flag of India.svg India (Lal Bahadur Shastri, Prime Minister of India[3])
- File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia (Sukarno, President of Indonesia[3])
- File:Flag of Iraq (1963–1991); Flag of Syria (1963–1972).svg Iraq (Abdul Salam Arif, President of Iraq[3])
- File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan (King Hussein of Jordan[3])
- File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya (Joseph Murumbi, Minister of Foreign Affairs[3])
- File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait (Abdullah El Salem El Sabah, Minister[3])
- File:Flag of Laos (1952-1975).svg Laos (Prince Souvanna Phouma, Prime Minister of Laos[3])
- File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon (Charles Helou, Prime Minister of Lebanon[3])
- File:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia (William Tubman, President of Liberia[3])
- File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya (Crown Prince El Hassan El Reda El Senoussi[3])
- File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali (Modibo Keïta, President of Mali[3])
- File:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi
- File:Flag of Mauritania (1959–2017).svg Mauritania (Moktar Ould Daddah, President of Mauritania[3])
- File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco (Ahmed Balafrei, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Morocco[3])
- File:Flag of Nepal.svg Nepal (Mahendra, King of Nepal[3])
- File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria (Nuhu Bamalli, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Nigeria[3])
- File:Flag of Rwanda (1961–2001).svg Rwanda
- File:Flag of Saudi Arabia (1938–1973).svg Saudi Arabia (Prince Faisal of Saudi Arabia, Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia[3])
- File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal (Doudou Thiam, Foreign Minister of Senegal[3])
- File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone (Cyril B. Rogers-Wright, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sierra Leone[3])
- File:Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia (Aden Adde, President of Somalia[3])
- File:Flag of Sudan (1956-1970).svg Sudan (Ibrahim Abboud, President of the Supreme Military Council[3])
- File:Flag of Syria (1963–1972).svg Syria (Amin al-Hafiz, President of the Revolutionary Council[3])
- File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania (Rashid Kawawa, Vice-President of Tanzania[3])
- File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo (George Apedo-Amah, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Togo[3])
- File:Flag of Tunisia (1959–1999).svg Tunisia (Habib Bourguiba, President of Tunisia[3])
- File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda (Milton Obote, Prime Minister of Uganda[3])
- File:Flag of the United Arab Republic.svg UAR (Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of the United Arab Republic[3])
- File:Flag of the Yemen Arab Republic.svg North Yemen (Abdullah al-Sallal, President of North Yemen[3])
- File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg Yugoslavia (Josip Broz Tito, President of Yugoslavia[3])
- File:Flag of Zambia (1964–1996).svg Zambia (Kenneth Kaunda, President of Zambia[3])
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Observers
[edit | edit source]Following countries participated as observers.[6]
- File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina (Carlos Maria Bollini Shaw, Ambassador[3])
- File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia (Antonio Seleme Vargas, General[3])
- File:Flag of Brazil (1960–1968).svg Brazil (Sergio Armando Frazao, Ambassador in Cairo[3])
- File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile (Raul Molina[3])
- File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland (Veli Helenius, Secretary General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland[3])
- File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica (E.R.Richardson, Permanent Representative of Jamaica at the United Nations[3])
- File:Flag of Mexico (1934-1968).svg Mexico (Manuel Moreno Sánchez, Senator[3])
- File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago (Ellis Clarke, Permanent Representative of Trinidad and Tobago at the United Nations[3])
- File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay
- File:Flag of Venezuela (1954–2006).svg Venezuela (Octavio Lepage, Ambassador to Belgium[3])
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See also
[edit | edit source]References
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