Rubus ellipticus

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Rubus ellipticus
Himalayan raspberry (Ainselu) fruit at Shivapuri National Park, Nepal
Scientific classification Error creating thumbnail:
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Rubus
Subgenus: Rubus subg. Idaeobatus
Species:
R. ellipticus
Binomial name
Rubus ellipticus
Varieties[1]
  • Rubus ellipticus var. ellipticus
  • (Franch.) Focke Rubus ellipticus var. obcordatus
Synonyms
Species[1]
  • Rubus tereticaulis subsp. ellipticus (Kupcsok) Domin
var. ellipticus[2]
  • Rubus ellipticus subsp. acheniger Focke
  • Franch. Hook.f.
  • Kuntze Rubus ellipticus var. insulanus
  • Rubus ellipticus var. depilis Focke
  • Rubus ellipticus var. acutifolius Focke
  • Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Rubus gowreephul
  • Rubus ellipticus var. flavus Roxb., not validly publ.
  • Rubus ellipticus f. acuminatus Kuntze
  • (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Kuntze Moon, not validly publ.
  • Rubus sessilifolius Rubus ellipticus var. glabrifolius
  • Miq. ex Hook.f. Rubus ellipticus var. denudatus
  • Kuntze Rubus paniculatus
  • Rubus flavus Rubus ellipticus var. incisus
var. obcordatus[3]
  • Franch. Rubus obcordatus
  • Rubus ellipticus f. obcordatus (Franch.) Thuan

Rubus ellipticus, commonly known as ainselu,[4] golden evergreen raspberry,[5] golden Himalayan raspberry, or yellow Himalayan raspberry,[6] is an Asian species of thorny fruiting shrub in the rose family. Its native range stretches from the Indian subcontinent (Nepal, India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan) to southern China and Indochina and the Philippines.[7]

Description

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Ainselu (Golden Himalayan Raspberry) from Nepal
Ainselu (Golden Himalayan Raspberry) from Nepal

The golden Himalayan raspberry is a large shrub with stout stems or canes that can grow to up to 4.5 metres (15 ft) in length. Its leaves are trifoliate, being composed of three elliptic or obovate leaflets typically growing to between 5 and 10 cm in length. The leaves are green, with the underside being lighter in colouration, and the leaf surface is covered in downy hairs. Its flowers small and are composed of five white petals, with the flowers being arranged in clusters of multiple flowers. In the Himalayas, it typically blooms between the months of February and April,[7] whilst on the slopes of Mount Gede located on the western side of the island of Java in Indonesia, it can flower every three months, but its peak season is on April.[8]: 194–195  Its fruit are sweet, detachable, and highly sought after by birds and elephants.[9][10][11][12]

Rubus ellipticus is sweet to the taste, though it is not commonly harvested for domestic use.[13] The fruit perishes quickly after plucking from the thorny bush.

Taxonomy

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It was first published and described by James Edward Smith in (A.Rees edited), Cycl. 30: n.° 16 in 1815.[7][1]

Etymology

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The fruit has various names in South-Asian languages. It is called ainselu (Nepali: ऐँसेलु) in Nepali, hisalu (Kumaoni: हिसालु) in Kumaoni, hisol (Garhwali: हिसोल) in Garhwali, nyinch (Nyishi: निंच) in Nyishi, and sohshiah (Khasi: सोहशियाह) in Khasi language.in Monpa "Sher-Gong"

Distribution and habitat

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The golden Himalayan raspberry's origin is in the temperate Himalayas region, and is native to India, Pakistan, Nepal, southern China, Assam, Laos, Myanmar, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tibet and Vietnam.[1]

It is found as a weed in open grasslands and rarely in forests of Himalayan states of India e.g. Himachal and Uttarakhand in their higher reaches at an attitude of 1,500 to 2,100 m (4,900 to 6,900 ft).[14] It is often found in pine forests of the region.[15]

The golden Himalayan raspberry can be found in mesic or wet forests, and have adapted to be able to live in complete shade and in full sun exposure.[11]

Ecology

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As with other Rubus species, its seeds are readily distributed by birds.[16] It can propagate, or asexually reproduce, itself through cutting.[17] It can grow in open fields or in canopies of moist forests.

The Himalayan raspberry can support large populations of Drosophila, or fruit flies, from its rotting fruit.[10] The fruit is consumed by Asian elephants.[18]

Invasiveness

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File:Starr 011205-0075 Rubus ellipticus.jpg
Rubus ellipticus flowers and leaves
File:Starr 011205-0067 Rubus ellipticus.jpg
Prickly stem of R. ellipticus

Rubus ellipticus is listed in the IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group database as an Invasive species, one of the world's 100 worst invasive species.[10] It has been introduced into; Ecuador, Jamaica, Java, Malawi, Mozambique, New South Wales, Queensland (both in Australia) and Tanzania.[1] It was first introduced in 1961 in Hawaii as an edible fruit and as an ornamental plant.[11]

The yellow Himalayan raspberry poses a threat to native communities because it forms thick, impenetrable thickets, and competes with the native Rubus hawaiensis (Hawaiian raspberry).[10][13] Abandoned farms and lands disturbed by feral pig populations are susceptible to invasion. It grows tall due to its stout stems which is a threat because of its ability to establish itself within the tree canopy.[12] The yellow Himalayan raspberry is a threat to native flora because it can outcompete other plants. More specifically, it has higher photosynthetic rates, higher nitrogen fixation rates, and therefore a higher photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (or PNUE).[17]

The yellow Himalayan raspberry is currently only invasive on Hawaii.[12] It is considered a noxious weed by the National Park Service and the Hawaiian Department of Agriculture.[16]

Control strategies

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Due to its limited range, the golden Himalayan raspberry has been contained to a few stations on Hawaii. Any new populations are to be eliminated as quickly as possible.[16] Control practices at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park have shown that simply identifying and removing the shrub can help dramatically reduce its invasive impact.[19]

To eliminate a yellow Himalayan raspberry shrub, its root systems must be pulled out. The shrub shoots out roots deep underground after a fire or cutting. Fire can be applied to the roots if the shrub has been removed by physical means. Herbicides such as glyphosate can be used in containing the shrub.[11]

Uses

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Nepali farmers have had limited success in harvesting and fermenting the aiselu fruit to produce a fruit wine.[20] In Sikkim, its roots are used to treat stomach pain and headaches, and its fruits are used to treat indigestion.[21]

The bark from this plant is used for medical reasons in Tibetan villages, mainly as a renal tonic and an antidiuretic.[13] Its juices can be used to treat coughs, fevers, colic and sore throat.[5] The plant can be used to make a bluish-purple dye.[13]

The fruits of golden Himalayan raspberry was recorded as rich source of phenolics, Beta carotenes, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), many other important metabolites and antioxidants.[22] The leaves contain various helpful properties as well.[23] The fruit extracts of R. ellipticus contain antimicrobial properties (Ding et al. 2008).[24]

See also

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References

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  • Error creating thumbnail: File missing Media related to Lua error in Module:Commons_link at line 62: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). at Wikimedia Commons
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