Canavalia
| Canavalia | |
|---|---|
| File:Canavalia sericea.jpg | |
| Canavalia sericea | |
| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Tribe: | Diocleae |
| Genus: | Canavalia DC. |
| Species[1] | |
|
73; see text | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Canavalia is a genus of plants in the legume family (Fabaceae) that comprises approximately 73 species of tropical vines.[1] Members of the genus are commonly known as jack-beans. It has a pantropical distribution.[1]
The species of Canavalia endemic to the Hawaiian Islands were named ʻāwikiwiki by the Native Hawaiians. The name translates to "the very quick one"[2] and comes from the Hawaiian word for "fast". The genus name is derived from the Malabar word for the species, kavavali, which means "forest climber".[3]
Uses
[edit | edit source]Several species are valued legume crops, including common jack-bean (C. ensiformis), sword bean (C. gladiata) and C. cathartica. At least the first makes a beneficial weed- and pathogen-suppressing living mulch.[4] The common jack-bean is also a source of the lectin concanavalin A, which is used as a reagent in glycoprotein biochemistry and immunology. The jack-bean is also a common source of purified urease enzyme used in scientific research.
The bay bean (Canavalia rosea) is supposedly mildly psychoactive when smoked, and is used in tobacco substitutes.
Ecology
[edit | edit source]Some animals have adaptations to the defensive chemicals of jack-beans. Caterpillars such as that of the two-barred flasher (Astraptes fulgerator) are sometimes found on Canavalia. The plant pathogenic ascomycete fungus Mycosphaerella canavaliae was described from a jack-bean. Introduced herbivores have wreaked havoc on Canavalia on the Hawaiian Islands and made some nearly extinct; it may be that these lost their chemical defenses because no herbivorous mammals existed in their range until introduced by humans. The usually bright pea-flowers are pollinated by insects such as solitary bees and carpenter bees such as Xylocopa confusa.
History
[edit | edit source]The genus name Canavalia was, as recently as 1913, known as Canavali.[5] The name of the genus comes from a common name for Canavalia rosea used in India and adapted by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle.[6]
Diversity
[edit | edit source]
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Species include:[1]
- Canavalia acuminata Rose
- Canavalia africana Dunn
- Canavalia altipendula (Piper) Standl.
- Canavalia atroferruginea J.Linares, G.Andrade & Cruz Durán
- Canavalia aurita J.D.Sauer
- Canavalia beniensis Aymard & Cuello
- Canavalia bicarinata Standl.
- Canavalia boliviana Piper
- Canavalia bonariensis Lindl.
- Canavalia brasiliensis Mart. ex Benth.
- Canavalia campylodonta J.Linares, G.Andrade & Cruz Durán
- Canavalia cassidea G.P.Lewis
- Canavalia cathartica Thouars
- Canavalia concinna J.D.Sauer
- Canavalia cuchillae J.Linares, G.Andrade & Cruz Durán
- Canavalia dolichothyrsa G.P.Lewis
- Canavalia dura J.D.Sauer
- Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. – common jack-bean, giant stock-bean, gotani-bean, horse-bean, seaside-bean, wonder-bean, feijão-de-porco (Brazil)
- Canavalia eurycarpa Piper
- Canavalia favieri I.C.Nielsen
- Canavalia galeata (Gaudich.) Vogel (Oʻahu)[7]
- Canavalia gibbosa J.Linares, G.Andrade & Cruz Durán
- Canavalia glabra (M.Martens & Galeotti) J.D.Sauer
- Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. – sword bean, scimitar-bean
- Canavalia gladiolata J.D.Sauer
- Canavalia grandiflora Benth.
- Canavalia hawaiiensis O.Deg., I.Deg. & J.D.Sauer
- Canavalia hirsutissima J.D.Sauer
- Canavalia kauaiensis J.D.Sauer
- Canavalia lineata (Thunb.) DC.
- Canavalia llanorum Snak, Aymard & L.P.Queiroz
- Canavalia macrantha J.Linares, G.Andrade & Cruz Durán
- Canavalia macrobotrys Merr.
- Canavalia macropleura Piper
- Canavalia madagascariensis J.D.Sauer
- Canavalia mandibulata J.D.Sauer
- Canavalia mattogrossensis (Barb.Rodr.) Malme
- Canavalia matudae J.D.Sauer
- Canavalia mauiensis H.St.John
- Canavalia megalantha Merr.
- Canavalia microsperma Urb.
- Canavalia mireyae J.Linares, G.Andrade & Cruz Durán
- Canavalia mollis Wall. ex Wight & Arn.
- Canavalia molokaiensis O.Deg., I.Deg. & J.D.Sauer – Molokaʻi jack-bean
- Canavalia napaliensis H.St.John – Mākaha Valley jack-bean
- Canavalia nitida (Cav.) Piper
- Canavalia obidensis Ducke
- Canavalia oxyphylla Standl. & L.O.Williams
- Canavalia palmeri (Piper) Standl.
- Canavalia papuana Merr. & L.M.Perry
- Canavalia parviflora Benth.
- Canavalia picta Mart. ex Benth.
- Canavalia piperi Killip & J.F.Macbr.
- Canavalia plagiosperma Piper – giant bean, oblique-seed jack-bean
- Canavalia pubescens Hook. & Arn. – lavafield jack-bean
- Canavalia raiateensis J.W.Moore
- Canavalia ramosii J.D.Sauer
- Canavalia reflexiflora Snak, G.P.Lewis & L.P.Queiroz
- Canavalia regalis Dunn
- Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC. – bay bean, beach-bean, coastal jack-bean, fire-bean, Mackenzie-bean
- Canavalia rotundata J.Linares, G.Andrade & Cruz Durán
- Canavalia rugosa J.Linares, G.Andrade & Cruz Durán
- Canavalia saueri Fantz
- Canavalia septentrionalis J.D.Sauer
- Canavalia sericea A.Gray
- Canavalia sericophylla Ducke
- Canavalia sousae J.Linares, G.Andrade & Cruz Durán
- Canavalia straminea J.Linares, G.Andrade & Cruz Durán
- Canavalia variegata J.Linares, G.Andrade & Cruz Durán
- Canavalia veillonii I.C.Nielsen
- Canavalia villosa Benth.
- Canavalia vitiensis J.D.Sauer
- Canavalia wurdackii Aymard & Cuello
Formerly placed here
[edit | edit source]- Dysolobium grande (Wall. ex Benth.) Prain (as C. grandis (Wall. ex Benth.) Kurz)[8]
Gallery
[edit | edit source]
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See also
[edit | edit source]- Thierry Bardini – researched Venezuelan jack-bean agriculture early in his career
References
[edit | edit source]- ^ a b c d e Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Pukui, M. K., et al. (1992): New Pocket Hawaiian Dictionary with a Concise Grammars and Given Names in Hawaiian. University of Hawaii PRess, Honolulu. Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
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- ^ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration at line 2172: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ^ Piper, C. V. 1913. "The Jack Bean and the Sword Bean." USDA Bureau of Plant Industry, Circular. No. 110. p. 29-36
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External links
[edit | edit source]
- International Plant Names Index: Canavalia taxa database.
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