List of quantum processors

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This list contains quantum processors, also known as quantum processing units (QPUs). Some devices listed below have only been announced at press conferences so far, with no actual demonstrations or scientific publications characterizing the performance.

Quantum processors are difficult to compare due to the different architectures and approaches. Due to this, published physical qubit numbers do not reflect the performance levels of the processor. This is instead achieved through the number of logical qubits or benchmarking metrics such as quantum volume, randomized benchmarking or circuit layer operations per second (CLOPS).[1]

Circuit-based quantum processors

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These QPUs are based on the quantum circuit and quantum logic gate-based model of computing.

Manufacturer Name/codename

designation

Architecture Layout Fidelity (%) Qubits (physical) Release date Quantum volume
Alpine Quantum Technologies PINE System[2] Trapped ion 24[3] June 7, 2021 128[4]
Atom Computing Phoenix Neutral atoms in optical lattices 100[5] August 10, 2021
Atom Computing — Neutral atoms in optical lattices 35×35 lattice (with 45 vacancies) < 99.5 (2 qubits)[6] 1180[7][8] October 2023
CAS Xiaohong[9] Superconducting — — 504[9] 2024
Google — Superconducting — 99.5[10] 20 2017
Google — Superconducting 7×7 lattice 99.7[10] 49[11] Q4 2017 (planned)
Google Bristlecone Superconducting transmon 6×12 lattice 99 (readout)
99.9 (1 qubit)
99.4 (2 qubits)		 72[12][13] March 5, 2018
Google Sycamore Superconducting transmon 9×6 lattice — 53 effective (54 total) 2019
Google Willow Superconducting transmon rotated rectangular lattice (see spec sheet) 99.965% (1-qubit)
99.67% (2-qubit)
Surface code error correction implemented.		 105 qubits December 9, 2024[14]
IBM IBM Q 5 Tenerife Superconducting bow tie 99.897 (average gate)
98.64 (readout) 		5 2016[10]
IBM IBM Q 5 Yorktown Superconducting bow tie 99.545 (average gate)
94.2 (readout) 		5
IBM IBM Q 14 Melbourne Superconducting — 99.735 (average gate)
97.13 (readout) 		14
IBM IBM Q 16 Rüschlikon Superconducting 2×8 lattice 99.779 (average gate)
94.24 (readout) 		16[15] May 17, 2017
(Retired: 26 September 2018)[16]
IBM IBM Q 17 Superconducting — — 17[15] May 17, 2017
IBM IBM Q 20 Tokyo Superconducting 5×4 lattice 99.812 (average gate)
93.21 (readout) 		20[17] November 10, 2017
IBM IBM Q 20 Austin Superconducting 5×4 lattice — 20 (Retired: 4 July 2018)[16]
IBM IBM Q 50 prototype Superconducting transmon — — 50[17]
IBM IBM Q 53 Superconducting — — 53 October 2019
IBM IBM Eagle Superconducting transmon — — 127[18] November 2021
IBM IBM Osprey[7][8] Superconducting — — 433[18] November 2022
IBM IBM Condor[19][7] Superconducting Honeycomb[20] — 1121[18] December 2023
IBM IBM Heron[19][7] Superconducting — — 133 December 2023
IBM IBM Heron R2[21] Superconducting Heavy hex 96.5 (2 qubits) 156 November 2024
IBM IBM Nighthawk 120[22][23] December 2025
IBM IBM Armonk[24] Superconducting Single Qubit — 1 October 16, 2019
IBM IBM Ourense[24] Superconducting T — 5 July 3, 2019
IBM IBM Vigo[24] Superconducting T — 5 July 3, 2019
IBM IBM London[24] Superconducting T — 5 September 13, 2019
IBM IBM Burlington[24] Superconducting T — 5 September 13, 2019
IBM IBM Essex[24] Superconducting T — 5 September 13, 2019
IBM IBM Athens[25] Superconducting — 5 32[26]
IBM IBM Belem[25] Superconducting Falcon r4T[27] — 5 16[27]
IBM IBM Bogotá[25] Superconducting Falcon r4L[27] — 5 32[27]
IBM IBM Casablanca[25] Superconducting Falcon r4H[27] — 7 (Retired – March 2022) 32[27]
IBM IBM Dublin[25] Superconducting — 27 64
IBM IBM Guadalupe[25] Superconducting Falcon r4P[27] — 16 32[27]
IBM IBM Kolkata Superconducting — 27 128
IBM IBM Lima[25] Superconducting Falcon r4T[27] — 5 8[27]
IBM IBM Manhattan[25] Superconducting — 65 32[26]
IBM IBM Montreal[25] Superconducting Falcon r4[27] — 27 128[27]
IBM IBM Mumbai[25] Superconducting Falcon r5.1[27] — 27 128[27]
IBM IBM Paris[25] Superconducting — 27 32[26]
IBM IBM Quito[25] Superconducting Falcon r4T[27] — 5 16[27]
IBM IBM Rome[25] Superconducting — 5 32[26]
IBM IBM Santiago[25] Superconducting — 5 32[26]
IBM IBM Sydney[25] Superconducting Falcon r4[27] — 27 32[27]
IBM IBM Toronto[25] Superconducting Falcon r4[27] — 27 32[27]
Intel 17-Qubit Superconducting Test Chip Superconducting 40-pin cross gap — 17[28][29] October 10, 2017
Intel Tangle Lake Superconducting 108-pin cross gap — 49[30] January 9, 2018
Intel Tunnel Falls Semiconductor spin qubits 12[31] June 15, 2023
IonQ Harmony Trapped ion All-to-All[27] 99.73 (1 qubit)

90.02 (2 qubit) 99.30 (SPAM)

11[32] 2022 8[27]
IonQ Aria Trapped ion All-to-All[27] 99.97 (1 qubit)

98.33 (2 qubit) 98.94 (SPAM)

25[32] 2022
IonQ Forte Trapped ion 366x1 chain[33] All-to-All[27] 99.98 (1 qubit)
98.5–99.3 (2 qubit)[33] 99.56 ((SPAM) 		36[32] (earlier 32) 2022
IQM - Superconducting Star 99.91 (1 qubit)
99.14 (2 qubits)		 5[34] November 30, 2021[35] —
IQM - Superconducting Square lattice 99.91 (1 qubit median)
99.944 (1 qubit max)
98.25 (2 qubits median)
99.1 (2 qubits max) 		20 October 9, 2023[36] 16[37]
M Squared Lasers Maxwell Neutral atoms in optical lattices 99.5 (3-qubit gate), 99.1 (4-qubit gate)[38] 200[39] November 2022
Oxford Quantum Circuits Lucy[40] Superconducting 8 2022
Oxford Quantum Circuits OQC Toshiko[41] Superconducting (Coaxmon) 32 2023
Quandela Ascella Photonics — 99.6 (1 qubit)
93.8 (2 qubits)
86.0 (3 qubits) 		6[42] 2022[43]
QuTech at TU Delft Spin-2 Semiconductor spin qubits 99 (average gate)
85 (readout)[44] 		2 2020
QuTech at TU Delft - Semiconductor spin qubits 6[45] September 2022
QuTech at TU Delft Starmon-5 Superconducting X configuration 97 (readout)[46] 5 2020
Quantinuum H2[47] Trapped ion Racetrack, All-to-All 99.997 (1 qubit)
99.87 (2 qubit) 		56[48] (earlier 32) May 9, 2023 8,388,608[49]
Quantinuum H1-1[50] Trapped ion 15×15 (Circuit Size) 99.996 (1 qubit)
99.914 (2 qubit) 		20 2022 1,048,576[51]
Quantinuum H1-2 [50] Trapped ion All-to-All[27] 99.996 (1 qubit)
99.7 (2 qubit) 		12 2022 4096[52]
Quantware Soprano[53] Superconducting 99.9 (single-qubit gates) 5 July 2021
Quantware Contralto[54] Superconducting 99.9 (single-qubit gates) 25 March 7, 2022[55]
Quantware Tenor[56] Superconducting 64 February 23, 2023
Rigetti Agave Superconducting — 96 (Single-qubit gates)

87 (Two-qubit gates)

8 June 4, 2018[57]
Rigetti Acorn Superconducting transmon — 98.63 (Single-qubit gates)

87.5 (Two-qubit gates)

19[58] December 17, 2017
Rigetti Aspen-1 Superconducting — 93.23 (Single-qubit gates)

90.84 (Two-qubit gates)

16 November 30, 2018[57]
Rigetti Aspen-4 Superconducting 99.88 (Single-qubit gates)

94.42 (Two-qubit gates)

13 March 10, 2019
Rigetti Aspen-7 Superconducting 99.23 (Single-qubit gates)

95.2 (Two-qubit gates)

28 November 15, 2019
Rigetti Aspen-8 Superconducting 99.22 (Single-qubit gates)

94.34 (Two-qubit gates)

31 May 5, 2020
Rigetti Aspen-9 Superconducting 99.39 (Single-qubit gates)

94.28 (Two-qubit gates)

32 February 6, 2021
Rigetti Aspen-10 Superconducting 99.37 (Single-qubit gates)

94.66 (Two-qubit gates)

32 November 4, 2021
Rigetti Aspen-11 Superconducting Octagonal[27] 99.8 (Single-qubit gates) 92.7 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 91.0 (Two-qubit gates XY) 40 December 15, 2021
Rigetti Aspen-M-1 Superconducting transmon Octagonal[27] 99.8 (Single-qubit gates) 93.7 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 94.6 (Two-qubit gates XY) 80 February 15, 2022 8[27]
Rigetti Aspen-M-2 Superconducting transmon 99.8 (Single-qubit gates) 91.3 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 90.0 (Two-qubit gates XY) 80 August 1, 2022
Rigetti Aspen-M-3 Superconducting transmon — 99.9 (Single-qubit gates) 94.7 (Two-qubit gates CZ) 95.1 (Two-qubit gates XY) 80[59] December 2, 2022
Rigetti Ankaa-2 Superconducting transmon — 98 (Two-qubit gates) 84[60] December 20, 2023
RIKEN RIKEN[61] Superconducting — — 53 effective (64 total)[62][63] March 27, 2023 —
SaxonQ Princess Nitrogen-vacancy center 4[64] June 26, 2024
SaxonQ Princess+ Nitrogen-vacancy center 4[65] June 12, 2025
SpinQ Triangulum Nuclear magnetic resonance 3[66] September 2021
USTC Jiuzhang Photonics — — 76[67][68] 2020
USTC Zuchongzhi Superconducting — — 62[69] 2020
USTC Zuchongzhi 2.1 Superconducting lattice[70] 99.86 (Single-qubit gates) 99.41 (Two-qubit gates) 95.48 (Readout) 66[71] 2021
USTC Zuchongzhi 3.0[72] Superconducting transmon 15 x 7 99.90 (Single-qubit gates) 99.62 (Two-qubit gates) 99.18 (Readout) 105 December 16, 2024
Xanadu Borealis[73] Photonics (Continuous-variable) — — 216[73] 2022[73]
Xanadu X8 [74] Photonics (Continuous-variable) — — 8 2020
Xanadu X12 Photonics (Continuous-variable) — — 12 2020[74]
Xanadu X24 Photonics (Continuous-variable) — — 24 2020[74]

Annealing quantum processors

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These QPUs are based on quantum annealing, not to be confused with digital annealing.[75]

Manufacturer Name/Codename

/Designation

Architecture Layout Fidelity (%) Qubits Release date
D-Wave D-Wave One (Rainier) Superconducting C4 = Chimera(4,4,4)[76] = 4×4 K4,4 — 128 May 11, 2011
D-Wave D-Wave Two Superconducting C8 = Chimera(8,8,4)[76] = 8×8 K4,4 — 512 2013
D-Wave D-Wave 2X Superconducting C12 = Chimera(12,12,4)[76] = 12×12 K4,4 — 1152 2015
D-Wave D-Wave 2000Q Superconducting C16 = Chimera(16,16,4)[76] = 16×16 K4,4 — 2000[77] 2017
D-Wave D-Wave Advantage Superconducting Pegasus P16[78] — 5000[79][77] 2020
D-Wave D-Wave Advantage 2[80][81][82][83][84] Superconducting[80][81] Zephyr Z15[83][85] — 4400[84][86] 2025[80][81][82][83][85]

Analog quantum processors

[edit | edit source]

These QPUs are based on analog Hamiltonian simulation.

Manufacturer Name/Codename/Designation Architecture Layout Fidelity (%) Qubits Release date
QuEra Aquila Neutral atoms — — 256[87] November 2022

See also

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References

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  6. ^ Atom Computing Previews an 1180 Qubit Neutral Atom Processor, Quantum Computing Report
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